Uzbekistan state university of world languages english language faculty№3 Course paper Theme: Sentence connection in English

1.1 Grammatical features of sentence connection
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." In traditional grammar it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate. In non-functional linguistics it is typically defined as a maximal unit of syntactic structure such as a constituent. In functional linguistics, it is defined as a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper-case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks. This notion contrasts with a curve, which is delimited by phonologic features such as pitch and loudness and markers such as pauses; and with a clause, which is a sequence of words that represents some process going on throughout time.A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command, or suggestion. A sentence is typically associated with a clause, and a clause can be either a clause simplex or a clause complex. A clause is a clause simplex if it represents a single process going on through time, and it is a clause complex if it represents a logical relation between two or more processes and is thus composed of two or more clause simplexes. A clause (simplex) typically contains a predication structure with a subject noun phrase and a finite verb. Although the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. In the examples below, the subject of the outmost clause simplex is in italics and the subject of boiling is in square brackets. There is clause embedding in
There are two types of clauses: independent and non-independent/interdependent. An independent clause realises a speech act such as a statement, a question, a command or an offer. A non-independent clause does not realise any act. A non-independent clause (simplex or complex) is usually logically related to other non-independent clauses. Together, they usually constitute a single independent clause (complex). For that reason, non-independent clauses are also called interdependent. For instance, the non-independent clause because I have no friends is related to the non-independent clause I don't go out in I don't go out, because I have no friends. The whole clause complex is independent because it realises a statement. What is stated is the causal nexus between having no friend and not going out. When such a statement is acted out, the fact that the speaker doesn't go out is already established, therefore it cannot be stated. What is still open and under negotiation is the reason for that fact. The causal nexus is represented by the independent clause complex and not by the two interdependent clause simplexes.See also copula for the consequences of the verb to be on the theory of sentence structure.
One traditional scheme for classifying English sentences is by clause structure, the number and types of clauses in the sentence with finite verbs.
A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses.
A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions, punctuation, or both.
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A compound–complex sentence (or complex–compound sentence) consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.Sentences can also be classified based on the speech act which they perform. For instance, English sentence types can be described as follows:
A declarative sentence typically makes an assertion or statement: "You are my friend."
An interrogative sentence typically raises a question: "Are you my friend?"
An imperative sentence typically makes a command: "Be my friend!"
An exclamative sentence, sometimes called an exclamatory sentence, typically expresses an exclamation: "What a good friend you are!"
The form (declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamative) and meaning (statement, question, command, or exclamation) of a sentence usually match, but not always. For instance, the interrogative sentence "Can you pass me the salt?" is not intended to express a question but rather to express a command. Likewise, the interrogative sentence "Can't you do anything right?" is not intended to express a question on the listener's ability, but rather to express a statement on the listener's lack of ability; see rhetorical question. A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a subject and a predicate, e.g. "I have a ball." In this sentence, one can change the persons, e.g. "We have a ball." However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence that does not contain a main clause, e.g. "Mary!", "Precisely so.", "Next Tuesday evening after it gets dark." Other examples of minor sentences are headings (e.g. the heading of this entry), stereotyped expressions ("Hello!"), emotional expressions ("Wow!"), proverbs, etc. These can also include nominal sentences like "The more, the merrier." These mostly omit a main verb for the sake of conciseness but may also do so in order to intensify the meaning around the nouns.Sentences that comprise a single word are called word sentences, and the words themselves sentence words. The writing in this passage is rather laboured. Each sentence overlaps with the previous one, as if we continually need to pick up the thread again. Such a writing style is not unusual among university students, and it’s caused by two contradictory tendencies. On the one hand, students tend to construct each sentence as a separate idea, not fully realizing that with a bit of editing sentences can be combined or split up. We can see that in the first sentence, which contains very little content and can easily be combined with the second one: Original: In 1946, George Orwell wrote “The Politics of the English Language.” The essay argues that much of our writing is imprecise and pretentious.Revision: In his essay “The Politics of the English Language” (1946), George Orwell argues that much of our writing is imprecise and pretentious.blished shortly after the fall of the Bastille, exactly corresponded to its name¹.Sentences and clauses are a bit like people: some are entirely self-absorbed, whereas others interact well with others. Sentences that act as if there’s no one else are called paratactic sentences. These sentences don’t use many connecting words or transitional expressions. To be precise, they don’t use subordination; every clause is treated as equally important: Chameleons are remarkable creatures. They have very long tongues and are famous for being able to change the colour of their skin. They have special cells called chromatophores. Chromatophores contain different pigments. Chameleons change their colour to regulate their body temperature and to communicate with other chameleons.As mentioned, subordination makes your sentences hypotactic. Making one clause dependent on another allows you to create hierarchy and order:
Original: At the outset of World War I, Belgium was a neutral country. Germany asked to move troops through Belgian territory. Belgium refused and was drawn into the war.Revision: Although Belgium was neutral at the start of World War I, it was drawn into the war when it refused Germany’s request to move troops through Belgian territory.Notice too that form matches content: the fact that the clauses are all connected mirrors the way one action led to another. You won’t always want to combine sentences, but you can still connect them in any number of ways. Most often you’ll use a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression.Daniel wanted to buy a log cabin home. However, his wife preferred something more modern. We love dining out. Nevertheless, for the sake of our bottom line (pun intended), we are eating at home for an entire week.The challenge with conjunctive adverbs is that it’s easy to rely on them too much. If every sentence starts with moreover, thus, or therefore, your writing will start to seem stale and formulaic. So don’t be too heavy-handed in your use of conjunctive adverbs.Morphology and lexicology are more abstract in the simple sense that they take the organization that phonology imposes on the primary material as primitive, and impose a further level of organization on that. Morphology is about how lexical items, themselves represented by sequences of phonologically defined units, are arranged to make words. It is mostly a matter of sequence, but morphology is sometimes conspicuously "nonconcatenative", to use the word that McCarthy (1979, 1981) coined in connection with semitic languages. However, though morphology is sometimes not simply a matter of just which sequences of morphemes do make up words, and with what properties, it is inescapably a matter of how the phonetic or phonological material supplied by morphemes is arranged into a sequence so as to form a word. The next level of abstraction is syntax, the way in which words are collected to form sentences. Just about all of the multifarious formal theories of grammar that have been proposed have been particularly strong in the facilities they provided for describing the proper ordering of words in a sentence, though it is widely recognized that there may be some ethnocentrism in this, for formal linguists have been overwhelmingly speakers of languages where word order plays apredominant role. But it was not so in traditional informal grammar, which took Latin as as a model for all languages. Many formalists are now in search of less strongly sequential paradigms as they attempt to account for so called free word order and nonconfigurational languages. By the time we reach the next level of abstraction, that of semantics, essentially no reflection of the ordering of the initial phonetic material remains. But, by this time, it is also possible to claim that the territory that falls most clearlywithin the purview of linguists has already been traversed. Linguistics makes contact with the real world at two points: the sounds that people utter and the meanings that are associated with them--phonetics and semantics. At all of the intervening levels of abstraction, the reflexes of the temporal ordering of the sounds is usually strongly in evidence. If the picture I have painted of language is substantially correct, and if I have not misunderstood the nature of the connectionist revolution in computing too grossly, it seems that we may have to conclude that the human linguistic faculty, if not human intelligence at large, have more in common with the yon Neumann machine than with the connection machine and that my colleagues, and I will regretfully not be part of this new adventure. But now, let us see if we cannot find another side to the coin. Chart parsers in general, and so-called active chart parsers in particular, are fundamentally exercises in parallel computing. If, along with the chart, there is usually a second data structure called the agenda, it is simply to facilitate the simulation of this parallel architecture on sequential machines. But what is going on in chart parsing is much better understood if one thinks of each vertex in the chart as an autonomous device responsible for delivering all phrases that begin with the word at that vertex. The process of finding these phrases is dependent on similar work going on at other vertices only to the extent that, when phrases are delivered at other vertices, it may become possible to recognize others that begin here. But the relationships are intrinsic, to use the term in the linguist's special sense. In other words.