Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги низомий номидаги тошкент давлат

Negative transfer: When the phonology of the L1 causes pronunciation errors 
in the L2 the result is termed negative transfer. To be sure, negative transfer is the 
source of many L2 pronunciation problems, frequently due to allophonic differences 
between the mother tongue and the target language. Transfer or interferences from L1 
influence not all pronunciation errors however. Sometimes learners from different 
backgrounds make the same types of errors. The fact that some of these errors are 
similar to those made by young children acquiring an L1 support the theory that what 
appear to be pronunciation errors sometimes originate from universal processing 
constrains.
More recent perspectives of affective issues that impact language and 
pronunciation learning hold that factors such as motivation are not necessarily static. 
They can vary moment to moment, depending on the situation, interlocutor, learning 
context, course, teacher and even classroom activity. Such views give teachers hope 
that psycho-social variables can indeed be mediated in the classroom. At this point, we 
have a better understanding of why some adult learners make more progress than 
others. To recap, pronunciation success in adult learners is a function of several learner 
variables: age at onset of learning, similarities between the L1 and L2 phonologies, 
nevertheless, teachers have a unique opportunity to work with those learner variables 
that can be managed in the classroom setting. Motivation stems from both internal and 
external sources. If we more fully understand the two kinds of motivation, there is a 
greater like hood we will be able to foster motivation in context of L2 pronunciation 
instruction.
Extrinsic motivation: Behavior linked to practical or external out-comes, like 
grades on tests, are extrinsically motivated. A learner who wishes to communicate 
more clearly in order to succeed at school or work would be extrinsically motivated.