Azizdzhan fazilovich babadjanov

AZIZDZHAN FAZILOVICH BABADJANOV
STUDY OF THE STATE OF GROUNDWATER AND ROCKS OF THE AERATION ZONE OF THE KARSHI STEPPE AND ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATED TERRITORIES ON THE BASIS OF MODERN MODELING AND GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS
Study of the State of Groundwater and Rocks in the Aeration Zone of the Karshi Deposits with an Assessment of the Influence of Irrigated Territories on the Basis of Modern Modeling and Geoinformation Systems

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER I. CURRENT STATUS OF THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER. 7
§ 1.1. Analysis of the current state of the issue and the role of scientists who contributed to the development of hydrogeology and land reclamation 7
§ 1.2. Review of methods for modeling geofiltration processes in problems of forecasting the state of groundwater 15
§ 1.3. Modern geo -information technologies, used to solve the problems of reclamation hydrogeology 22
Conclusions on the first chapter 29
CHAPTER II . THE MAIN FACTORS FOR THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL-MELIORATIVE STATE 31
§2.1. Geological and hydrogeological conditions of the Karshi steppe before development 31
§2.2. Natural and climatic factors contributing to the formation and development of the ameliorative state of irrigated lands 46
§2.3. Engineering-geological zoning and factors of filtration properties of soils of rocks of the aeration zone 55
§2.4. Geological and hydrogeological factors and forecast of changes in the state of groundwater 59
§2.5. Technogenic factors contributing to the formation and development of the process of flooding and drainage 70
§2.6. Technogenic factors contributing to the formation and development of the water management situation 89
Conclusions on the second chapter 92

INTRODUCTION

In order to improve the reclamation state of irrigated lands, the state of groundwater , increase the fertility of irrigated areas and water supply, large-scale irrigation and reclamation measures are being carried out within the framework of state programs. Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan UP-5742 dated June 17, 2019 “On measures for the efficient use of land and water resources in agriculture”, No. UP-6024 dated July 10, 2020 “On approval of the concept for the development of the water sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020 - 2030 years" and in accordance with this the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted Resolution No. 94 dated February 23, 2021 "On measures to improve irrigation and reclamation work in the Kashkadarya region in 2021" determines the relevance of this work . Regulatory and legal documents have been adopted for the sustainable development of territorial systems, the widespread introduction of digital and water-saving technologies, the improvement of reclamation of irrigated lands, and the provision of reliable water supply to agriculture and other sectors of the economy.
In the world to provide the population with drinking water, assessment and rational use of groundwater resources, redistribution of river flow in the basin, to determine the patterns of water exchange with drinking water reserves at the regional level, much attention is paid to mathematical modeling of geofiltration processes and the use of high-tech software, as well as the improvement of scientific and practical methods. Therefore, special attention is paid to the formation of drinking water resources in the hydrosphere of groundwater, the determination of groundwater geofiltration processes in multilayer porous media, and mathematical modeling of geofiltration processes in the rational use of water intake structures. One of the main tasks of developed countries, especially in the USA, Canada, France, China, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Japan and Russia, is the development of mathematical modeling methods, algorithms, software tools for managing geofiltration processes in complex hydrogeological conditions.
Scientific research is carried out all over the world to assess the quality of drinking water , the development of mathematical modeling methods, computational algorithms and software packages for groundwater geofiltration processes occurring in porous aquifers. The most promising methods aimed at improving the study of the properties of the underground hydrosphere, which will make it possible to predict the quantity and quality of groundwater required for drinking water supply of hydrogeological regions, improve the process of water intake, quickly determine the state of the area and pay great attention to this. In this regard, the development of technical solutions based on the model, algorithms and software for calculating the hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater and their interaction with surface water is very relevant.
Efficient use of land and water resources is important for maintaining the water balance. This problem becomes especially critical for areas in areas of irrigated massifs, reclamation areas of arid zones, and other areas that are undergoing a major transformation and change in intended use. In all cases, the problem arises of maintaining the water balance of territorial systems, assessing the state of territories and their mutual influence.
The object of research is the irrigation systems of the Kashkadarya region, which are located in the flat part. The experience of research and observations on irrigated lands in the Kashkadarya region showed that as a result of long-term irrigation, an ambiguous soil-hydrogeological-meliorative situation develops. In some cases, the regime and balance of groundwater practically do not change, and the variability of the composition and properties of soils is insignificant, in other cases, there is an annual replenishment of groundwater reserves, which leads to an annual increase in their level.
The observational network of stations of the hydrogeological regime on the state of groundwater and rocks of the aeration zone is located in accordance with the establishment of reasons and rules, recommendations, etc.) methodological and constructive instructions.
This network was mainly used [8]:

1. 
   Regional study of the groundwater regime to assess the conditions for their formation and to address the issues of forecasting the regime, the use of these waters, or the fight against them.
   
2. 
   The study of the groundwater regime in connection with their operation (for water supply, irrigation and watering of pastures), with the determination of reserves, the development of measures to protect them from irrational use and pollution, and the preparation of a forecast of the regime under the influence of operation.
   
3. 
   Study of the groundwater regime and its balance in irrigated areas, substantiation of measures to prevent and eliminate salinization and waterlogging of irrigated lands, use of groundwater for irrigating water supply and making a forecast of the regime of these waters during irrigation.
   

In irrigated areas (oases) for the study of groundwater and rocks of the aeration zone, the depth of observation wells is 10-50 and, less often, 150 m or more.
In desert areas, the depth of the observation network varies in the range of 100-350 m and, less often, reaches 500 m (formation waters).
The observation network measures the depth to the mirror; for selected samples - chemical composition (macrocomponents and, less often, microcomponents, gas composition, redox potential); temperature.
Changes in hydrogeological and reclamation conditions are in many cases accompanied by the development of negative processes of soil-salt phenomena. Despite these changes in natural conditions under the influence of irrigation, their intensity is not yet so great as to speak of profound changes in the natural environment [1]. Nevertheless, a significant trend towards their further deterioration indicates the need for systematic monitoring and assessment of the hydrogeological and reclamation state of irrigated lands in order to timely develop environmental measures.
This can only be achieved with the help of hydrogeological, reclamation and environmental monitoring. On the irrigated lands of the Kashkadarya region, hydrogeological and reclamation monitoring has been carried out for more than 50-55 years, but it should be noted that the monitoring methodology no longer meets modern requirements.
The performed studies show the need for local monitoring of groundwater on irrigated lands using geoinformation technologies, mathematical modeling and fuzzy set theory. It is impossible to imagine the rationalization of agricultural crops without digital maps of irrigated areas, without soil and reclamation conditions, maps of groundwater levels, etc.
Based on the results of earlier hydrogeological, engineering-geological, hydroreclamation studies, methods for solving hydrogeological and engineering-geological problems have been developed, and issues of the relationship between various hydrogeological and engineering-geological processes have been considered using the examples of large basins.