S. o r I f j o n o V elektromagnitizm
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О ‘Z B E K I S T O N R E S P U B L I K A S I O L IY V A 0 ‘R T A M A X S U S T A ’L I M V A Z I R L IG I S . O R I F J O N O V ELEKTROMAGNITIZM О ‘zb e k isto n R e sp u b lik a si O liy va о ‘rta m a x su s ta ’lim va zirlig i to m o n id a n 5 1 4 0 2 0 0 — « F izika va a stra n o m iya » b a k a la v r ia t ta la b a la ri u ch u n o ‘q u v qo ‘lla n m a sifa tid a ta vsiya etilgan « N O S H I R » T o s h k e n t — 2011 У ДК : 621.314(075) Б Б К 22.33я73 22.33 0 - 6 8 Orifjonov S ultonm urot Boltaboyevich E lektrom agnitizm : 5140200 — fizika va astro nom iya b a k a la v ria t y o ‘nalishi ta la b a la ri u c h u n o ‘quv q o 'lla n m a / S. B. O rifjonov; 0 ‘zR Oliy va o 'rta -m a x su s ta ’lim vazirligi. — Т.: «Noshir», 2011. — 304-b. Б Б К 22.33Я73 T a q r i z c h i l a r : A .Fattoxov — d o tsen t, TA TU , B .N urillaev — p.f.n., T D P U . 0 ‘quv qoMlanma um um iy fizika kursidagi elektrom agnitizm bo'lim ini yoritadi. M a te riy a m o d d a va m ay d o n d an ib o rat. M o d d ag a xos b o 'lg a n fu n d a m e n ta l q o n u n la r fizikaning m ex an ik a va m o le k u ly a r fizika bo'lim larida bayon etilsa, maydonga xos fundam ental qo nunlar fizikaning «E lektrom agnitizm », «Optika» b o 'lim la rid a bayon etiladi. 0 ‘quv q o ‘llanm a faqat fizika va astronom iya yo'nalishidagi talabalar u c h u n e m a s, fizik a n i o 'rg a n a d ig a n b o sh q a y o ‘n a lish d ag i ta la b a la r u c h u n ham foydali b o 'lad i. I n s o n iy a tn in g z a m o n a v iy ilm iy -te x n ik y u tu q la ri a w a l o m b o r f iz ik a n in g y u tu q la r i b ila n bogM iq. T u r m u s h d a q o M la n ila d ig a n r a d io , te le v iz o r , te le f o n ( ju m la d a n , u y a li te le f o n ) , k o m p y u te r b u la r n in g h a m m a s i f iz ik a n in g e le k t r m a g n e t i z m s o h a s id a g i iz la n is h la r m a h s u li d ir . Y oM lardagi a v to m o b illa r , s a m o ly o tla r , k o s m ik k e m a la r h a m , b u tu n d u n y o n i q a m r a b o lg a n i n te r n e t t iz i m i h a m e l e k t r t o k l a r i n i n g , e l e k t r o m a g n i t t o ‘l q i n l a r n i n g qoM lanishi b ila n bogM iq. A w a lo m b o r, a tro fim iz d a g i b u tu n m o d d a e le k tro n la r, p r o to n - la r va b o s h q a z a ry a d li z a rra la rd a n tu z ilg a n boM ib, m o d d a n in g g 'is h tla r i — a t o m la r v a m o le k u la la rn i h o sil q ila d i, m o d d a n in g x o ssalari e le k tr m a g n e tiz m q o n u n la rig a b o rib ta q a la d i. B o la lig im iz d a n h a y r a tla n ib k u z a ta d ig a n y a s h in , t a b i a t n i n g b u h a y q iriq li m a h s u li, e le k tr to k in in g b ir k o 'r in is h d ir . Y e r s a y y o - ra si u lk a n m a g n it boM ib, u n in g m a g n it m a y d o n i k o m p a s y o r d a m id a q a d i m d a n d e n g iz c h ila r g a b e p o y o n d e n g iz d a t o ‘g ‘ri yoM to p ish g a y o rd a m b e rg a n . sh u m a g n it m a y d o n Y e r y u z a sin i k o sm ik r a d ia ts iy a d a n s a q la b , o rg a n ik h a y o tn in g m a v ju d boM ishiga s h a r o it y a ra ta d i. Q u y o s h d a e sa Y e rd a g id a n o ‘rila b , m in g la b m a r t a k u c h li m a g n it m a y d o n la r b o rlig i a n iq la n g a n . Q u y o s h d a g i k o ‘p Ia b a lo m a t ja r a y o n l a r ( Q u y o s h dogM ari, Q u y o s h a k tiv lig in in g d a v r iy o ‘z g a - ris h i, Q u y o s h d a g i u lk a n p o r tla s h la r , Q u y o s h to ji) a y n a n m a g n it m a y d o n la r n in g m a v ju d lig i b ila n bogM iqdir. B o rliq n in g tu z ilis h id a s h u n c h a lik a h a m iy a tli boM gan e le k tr va m a g n it m a y d o n la r n in g x o ssalari fiz ik a n in g « E le k trm a g n e tiz m » boM im ida o ‘rganila b o sh la n a d i. U s h b u o ‘q u v q o M lan m an i y a k u n la b , o ‘q u v c h i q o ‘lig a y e tk a - z is h d a y o rd a m b e r g a n b a r c h a k a s b d o s h la rim g a , b ir in c h i n a v b a td a qoM lan m a b ila n b a ta fsil ta n is h ib , u n g a o q f o tih a b e rg a n T A T U d o ts e n ti A .F a tto x o v v a p .f.n ., T D P U k a tta o ‘q itu v c h is i B .N u r il- lay ev g a; q o 'll a n m a n i a y rim b o ‘lim la rin i b a ta fsil o ‘rg a n ib , o ‘z fik rla rin i b ild ir g a n m a r x u m p ro f e s s o r A .B o y d e d a y e v v a k a tta o 'q itu v c h i A .T illa b o y e v g a , q o ‘lla n m a u s tid a is h la s h g a s h a r o it y a ra tg a n k a fe d ra m u d iri prof. E .Z .Im o m o v g a , k ito b ra s m la r in in g k a tta q is m in i c h iz g a n ta la b a A. N a rb a y e v g a , in te r n e td a ish la sh im k o n iy a tin i y a ra tg a n o ‘g ‘lim O .O rifjo n o v g a m in n a t d o r c h i l i k b ild ira m a n . U la rn in g ijo d iy ish la rig a m u v affaq iy at tila y m a n . ELEK TR O STA TIK A T a b ia td a g i t o ‘rt m a y d o n d a n biri — e le k tr o m a g n it m a y d o n d ir . E le k tr v a m a g n it m a y d o n la r e le k tr o m a g n it m a y d o n n in g ta s h k il etu v ch ilarid ir. U s h b u b o b d a q o ‘z g ‘a lm a s z a ry a d la m in g m a y d o n la ri o ‘r g a n ila d i. B ir in c h i b o b n in g m a z m u n i t a l a b a d a m a y d o n l a r h a q id a g i b ilim la rn i s h a k lla n tira d i. B u y erd a k o ‘p lab y an gi tu s h u n - c h a la r k ir i til a d i, e le k tr m a y d o n n in g f u n d a m e n t a l q o n u n l a r i , k o ‘p la b f o r m u la la r i k e ltirib c h iq a r ila d i. U la rn i o ‘z la s h tir is h d a talab ag a m uvafF aqiyat tilaym iz. l - § . E l e k t r h a q i d a g i d a s t l a b k i m a ’l u m o t l a r A y rim ji s m l a r n in g is h q a la n is h tu fa y li z a r y a d la n ib q o lis h i q a d im d a n m a ’lu m . Jism la rn in g z a ry ad lan ish i u la m i o lz a ro itarish ig a yoki to rtilis h ig a q a ra b sezilad i. B u n d a y t a ’s irla sh u v la r m assiv , k a tta jis m la r d a b o ‘lsa — se z ilish i q iy in , y en g il jis m la r d a k u z a tilis h i o s o n boM adi. L e k in b iz u c h u n b u h o d is a g a e ’tib o r b e rib , u n i q o g ‘o z g a tu s h irg a n , s h u b ila n k elaja k a v lo d la rg a y e tk a z g a n k u z a tu v c h a n a jd o d la rim iz m u h im . E le k tr h a q id a g i m a ’lum boMgan e n g q a d im g i m a ’lu m o tla r s h u n d a n ib o ra tk i, q a d im g i E lla d a d a g i ( G r e ts iy a n in g q a d im g i n o m i) t o ‘q u v c h i q iz la r ishlo v b e rila y o tg a n ip la rn i q a h r a - b o g a to rtilis h in i v a y o p ish ib q o lis h in i k u z a tis h g a n . K e y in c h a lik b u h o d is a n i e le k tr la n is h d e b a ta y b o s h la n g a n . E le k tr h o d is a la r n in g k u z a tu v id a V .G ilb e r t ta jrib a la ri m a ’lu m . B u o lim q a h r a b o d a n ta s h q a ri is h q a la n is h tu fa y li e le k tr la n ib q o la d ig a n 2 0 d a n o rtiq m o d d a n i o ‘r g a n ib , y o z ib q o ld irg a n . H o z irg i z a m o n d a in s o n iy a t ju d a k o ‘p s u n ’iy m a te r ia lla r d a n fo y d a la n a d i, u la r o ra s id a is h q a la n is h tufayli z a ry a d la n ib q o la d ig a n m a te ria lla r h a m k o ‘p u c h ray d i. B ir z a ry a d la n g a n jism n i ik k in ch isig a te k k iz ils a , u n isi h a m z a ry a d la n ib q o la d i. D ie le k trik d e b a ta lu v c h i jis m la r d a z a ry a d jis m n in g q a y e rid a jo y la s h g a n boMsa, o 's h a jo y id a tu ra v e ra d i, z a ry a d d ie le k trik b o 'y la b siljim a y d i. 0 ‘tk a z g ic h la rd a z a ry a d o ‘tk a z g ic h b o ‘ylab siljiy o la d i, z a ry a d - la n g a n j i s m o ‘t k a z g i c h n i n g b i r o n j o y i g a te k k iz ilsa , z a ry a d b u tu n o 'tk a z g ic h b o ‘y lab yoyilib ketadi. Z a r y a d la r n i s e z is h u c h u n e le k tr o s k o p n o m li s o d d a a s b o b y a r a tilg a n ( 1 .1 - r a s m ) . E lek tro sk o p d a m e ta ll ste ije n g a ik k in ch i yengil s tre lk a o s o n q im ir la y d ig a n h o ld a a y la n is h o 'q ig a o ‘rn a tila d i. Z a ry a d la r y o 'q lig id a strelk a o ‘z ogMrligi t a ’sirid a vertik al jo y la sh a d i. stre l- k an i o g ‘irlik m a rk a z i a y la n is h o 'q ig a y a q in boM gani u c h u n ju d a k ic h ik k u c h la r h a m s tre lk a n i boshlangM ch h o la td a n c h e tla s h tiris h i m u m k in . E le k tro s k o p s te rje n ig a z a r y a d la n g a n jis m te k k iz ils a , za ry ad ste rje n va s tre lk a b o ‘y lab ta q s im la n a d i, b ir h il z a ry a d la r o ‘z a ro ita ris h g a n i u c h u n s tre lk a o g 'a d i, ogMsh k a tta lig ig a q a ra b e le k tr o s k o p g a o ‘tg a n z a r y a d n in g k a m — k o 'p l i g i n i b a h o la s h m u m k in . X V II a srg a k e lib , V .F r a n k lin (A Q S h p r e z id e n ti boM gan), V .R ix m a n , M .L o m o n o s o v ta b ia td a g i y a s h in h o d isa si e le k tr h o d isa e k a n lig in i is b o tla s h g a n (1 .2 -ra s m ) . F iz ik a v a b o s h q a ta b iiy fa n la rn in g d a stla b k i riv o jla n ish i ta b iiy h o d isa la m i k u z a tish va tu s h u n tiris h d a n ib o ra t boMgan. F izik q o n u n - fa n n in g m u h im k a te g o riy a s id ir. T a b ia td a g i h o d is a la r b ir-b irig a bogM iqligini b ila m iz . Bu bogM an ish lar fiz ik q o n u n la r b ila n ifo d a la n a d i. Bu q o n u n l a r ta q rib iy , e h tim o llik x a ra k te rid a boM ishi h a m m u m k in . T a b iiy h a ra k a tla rn in g en g a so siy s h a k lla rin i o ‘rg a n u v c h i fiz ik a f a n id a a n iq m a te m a tik f o r m u la la r b ila n ifo d a la n a d ig a n q o n u n la r h a m a n iq la n g a n . A rx im e d , G .G a lile y , I.N y u to n is h la ri- d a n b o s h la n ib , fiz ik a n i o 'r g a n is h d a in q ilo b iy o ‘z g a rish a m a lg a o s h d i, ta b ia t h o d is a la rin i o ‘rg a n is h d a m a te m a tik u s u lla r qoM lanila b o s h la d i. A rx im e d ric h a g la rg a d o ir q o n u n la m i a n iq la g a n , m o d d a la r n in g z ic h lig in i, s o lis h tirm a ogM rligini so n li ra v is h d a o 'r g a n ib , su y u q lik d a q a ttiq jis m la m in g l.2-rasm. ogMrligi k a m a y is h i h a q id a g i q o n u n n i k a s h f e tg a n . G a lile y v a N y u to n n in g a sa rla rid a m e x a n ik h a ra k a tn in g q o n u n la r i m a te m a tik ta rz d a ifo d a la n g a n v a m e x a n ik a fa n in in g a s o s la rin i y a r a tg a n . N y u to n b u tu n d u n y o to rtilis h q o n u n in i k a s h f e tg a n . U n in g m a te m a tik ifodasi F = G M l ( U ) r boM ib, N y u to n b u q o n u n d a g i — g ra v ita ts io n d o im iy q iy m a tin i a n iq la y o lm a g a n . B u d o im iy n in g d a stla b k i q iy m a ti G .K a v e n d is h - n in g la b a r a to riy a ta jrib a la ri a s o s id a a n iq la n g a n . B u ta jrib a la r d a K a v e n d is h jis m la r n in g to rtis h is h k u c h la r in i oM chash u c h u n b u k u c h la m i m etall sim g a osilgan shayinli to ro z id a oM chagan. T a jrib a d a o 'lc h a n is h i lo z im b o ‘lg an g ra v ita tsio n k u c h la r ju d a k ic h ik boM ishiga q a r a m a y s im g a o silg a n sh a y in li ta r o z in i b u rilis h ig a o lib k e lg a n , b u rilis h b u rc h a g ig a k o ‘ra j u d a k ic h ik k u c h la r o M ch an g an va g ra v i ta ts io n d o im iy a n iq la n g a n . B u tu n d u n y o to rtilish q o n u riin in g o c h ilish i k e y in c h a lik z a ry a d la r o ra s id a g i t a ’sirla s h u v n i ifo d a lo v c h i K u lo n q o n u n in in g o c h ili- s h id a h a m m u h im a h a m iy a tg a eg a boM gan. B ir in c h id a n e le k tr za ry ad larin in g t a ’sirlashuvi h a m sh u n g a o 'x s h a sh shaklga eg a boMishi m u m k in lig in i k u tis h m u m k in e d i, b u n d a y fik rla r E p in u s va K u lo n is h la rid a to p ilg a n . I k k in c h id a n — ip g a o silg a n s h a y in li se z g ir ta ro z id a n (b u r a lm a ta ro z id a n ) k u c h siz e le k tr k u c h la rin i oM chashda h a m fo y d a la n is h m u m k in edi. F r a n s u z o lim i S h a ri O g y u s te n K u lo n b u r a lm a t a r o z in in g m u k a m m a l s h a k lin i y a ra td i. M e ta ll s im n in g b u ra lis h id a v u ju d g a k e la d ig a n k u c h m o m e n t la r i b u r c h a k k a m u ta n o s ib e k a n lig in i isbodadi. T a ro z id a b u rc h a k va kuchn i oMchash im koniyatlarini yaratdi. E le k tr k u c h la r in i oM ch ash u c h u n m o s la n g a n b u ta ro z i o ‘s h a z a - m o n te x n ik a s a n ’a tin in g yutugM e d i. B u n d a y m u k a m m a l q u ro ln i y a ra tg a n o lim , u n in g y o rd a m id a d u n y o d a b irin c h i m a rta z a ry a d la r o ra s id a g i t a ’s irla s h u v k u c h la r in i so n li ra v is h d a o ‘rg a n d i. A w a l b ir h il ish o ra li z a r y a d la m in g o ‘z a ro ita rilis h in i, s o ‘n g ra tu rli ish o ra li z a ry a d la r n in g to r tilis h in i te k s h ird i. T a ’sirla s h u v k u c h in i m a s o fa - n in g k v a d ra tig a te s k a ri bogM iqligini k o 'p la b ta jrib a la r n a tija s id a ilm iy ravishda isb o tla d i. K u lo n o ‘z asarlarid a «E lektr m assa» ib orasini q o ‘lla r e d i. Z a r y a d la r d a n b i n n i n g q iy m a tin i o ‘z g a rtirib , k u c h z a ry a d la rn in g ikk isin in g k o 'p a y tm a s ig a t o ‘g ‘ri m u ta n o s ib bogM iqli- g in i isb o tJad i. B u n in g u c h u n ta ro z id a g i z a ry a d la n g a n s h a r c h a g a h iid d i s h u n d a y z a ry a d siz s h a r c h a n i te k k iz a r, s h a r c h a la r b ir hil b o ‘lg an i u c h u n z a ry a d la r te n g ik k ig a b o ‘lin a d i d e b h is o b la r ed i. B u ta jrib a la r 1785-yilda n a s h r e tilg an m a q o la b ila n tu g ab , m a q o la d a « E lek trn in g fu n d a m e n ta l q o n u n i» b a y o n etilgan di. B u h a q d a q u y id a y a n a t o ‘x ta la m iz . E le k tr s o h a s id a ta d q iq o t o lib b o rg a n fa q a t K u lo n e m a s d i. K u lo n d a n h a m a w a l b u s o h a d a ta d q iq o t olib b o rg a n G .K a v e n d is h , m a s a la n , « M a s o fa n in g k v a d ra tig a te sk a ri m u ta n o s ib lik » q o n u n in i k a s h f e tg a n , p o te n s ia l, e le k tr s ig ‘im i tu s h u n c h a la r in i k iritg a n e d i. L e k in b u m a ’lu m o tla r k e y in c h a lik , K a v e n d is h h u jja tla ri b o ‘y ic h a a n iq la n g a n . 2 - § . Z a r y a d l a r n i n g s a q l a n i s h q o n u n i T a b ia td a g i e le k tr x o ssa la rg a eg a boM gan jis m la r z a ry a d la n g a n , e le k tr z a ry a d i b o r d eb h is o b la n a d i. D e m a k e le k tr z a ry a d in i, y o k i q is q a c h a z a ry a d n in g m a v ju d lig i, u n in g e le k tr x o ssa la rig a , t a ’sirla - sh u v la rig a q a r a b s e z ila r e k a n . T a b ia td a ikki tu rd a g i z a ry a d la r m av ju d lig i a n iq la n g a n . B ir h il turdagi z a r y a d la r о ‘za ro itarishish xossasiga, tu rli z a ry a d la r esa tortishish xossasiga ega. B u la rd a n ta s h q a r i, n e y tra l, za ry a d i n o l boM gan j is m la r h a m m a v ju d . N e y tra l jis m la r n i is h q a la s h yoMi b ila n z a ry a d la s h m u m k in . M a sa la n , s h is h a n i yung b ila n ish q a la sa — u la r tu rlic h a z a ry a d la n ib q o la d i. M a k ta b fizika d a rslig id a b u n g a d o i r k o 'p m i s o l l a r n i to p is h m u m k in . S h u n is i q iz iq k i, b u n d a y ikki z a ry a d la n g a n jis m n i b ir- b irig a te k k iz ib q o ‘yib, y a n a n e y tra l h o la tg a q a y ta rish m u m k in . Z a ry a d la rn in g b u x ossalari m u s b a t va m a n fiy s o n la m in g x ossalariga o ‘x s h a y d i. S h u n in g u c h u n ikki tu rd a g i z a ry a d la r b iri m u s b a t, ik k in c h isi m a n fiy z a ry a d d e b n o m la n g a n . Z a r y a d la m i q iy m a tla ri h a q iq iy s o n la r k ab i q o ‘sh ilish i m u m k in . S h u n in g d e k z a ry a d la rn in g s a q la n is h q o n u n i m av ju d lig i a n iq la n g a n . Z a ry a d la r o ‘rg a n ila y o tg a n d astlab k i d a v rla rd a m a ’lu m boM m asa h a m , X X a srg a kelib z a ry a d — e le m e n ta r z a rra la rn in g x o ssa si e k a n lig i m a ’lu m b o ‘ldi. F iz ik a d a j u d a k o ‘p u c h r a tila d ig a n z a r r a - e le k tro n m a n fiy z a ry a d li, p r o to n e sa m u s b a t z a ry a d li z a rra ( is h o - r a la r ta r i x a n s h u n d a y b e lg ila n g a n , a g a r i s h o r a l a r te s k a r is ig a b e lg ila n g a n id a h a m fizik a o 'z g a r m a s e d i). P r o to n la r a to m la r n in g y a d r o s id a j o y la s h g a n b o ‘lib , a t o m l a r n i n g a jr a lm a s q is m id ir . A to m n in g y ad ro si e le k tr o n la r b u lu ti b ila n o 'r a lg a n boM adi v a a to m o d a td a e le k tr n e y tra l boM adi. A to m b ir o n sa b a b g a k o ‘ra b itta e le k tr o n id a n a jra lib q o lsa — m u s b a t z a ry a d la n g a n io n g a a y la n a d i, b u n i io n la n is h d e b a ta la d i. B u ja r a y o n d a m a n fiy z a ry a d la n g a n e le k tro n h a m h o s il boM adi. B u e le k tr o n h a r a k a tc h a n boM ib, ju d a k o ‘p e le k tr h o d is a la r s h u n d a y e r k in , a to m la r d a n a jra b k e tg a n e le k tr o n la r b ila n bogMiq. M u s b a t io n e rk in e le k tro n b ila n b o g ‘la - n ib , y a n a aso siy h o la tig a — n e y tra l h o la tig a q a y tis h i m u m k in , b u h o d is a n i n e y tra lla n is h , yoki r e k o m b in a ts iy a h o d is a s i d e b a ta la d i. M u s b a t io n la r d a n ta s h q a ri m a n fiy io n la r h a m m a v ju d , u l a r a to m o rtiq c h a e le k tro n n i bogMab o lg a n d a h o sil boM adi. A to m la r b irla s h ib , m o le k u la la rn i h o s il q ila d i. U la r n in g io n la - n ish i h a m a to m la r io n la n is h i k ab i r o ‘y b e ra d i. M a k ro s k o p ik jis m la r n in g z a ry a d la n is h i h a m a to m - m o le k u la - la m in g io n la n is h ig a o 'x s h a s h boM adi. N e y tr a l jis m d a m u s b a t va m a n fiy z a ry a d la r m iq d o ri te n g boM ib, u m u m iy z a ry a d n o lg a te n g boM adi. N e y tra l jis m b o s h q a b iro n jis m b ila n is h q a la n is h i tu fa y li, y o k i b o s h q a b ir o n s a b a b g a k o ‘ra e le k tr o n la r in in g b ir q is m id a n a jra lsa , u n d a e le k tr o n la r y e tis h m a y q o ls a , jis m m u s b a t z a ry a d la - n a d i. J is m d a o r tiq c h a e le k tr o n la r p a y d o boM sa — jis m m a n fiy z a ry a d la n a d i. Z a r y a d la rn in g k o ‘c h is h i tu fa y li jis m y a n a n e y tra lla - n is h i m u m k in . E le m e n ta r z a r r a la r fiz ik a sid a e le k tr o n n in g z a ry a d i ta b ia td a g i e n g k ic h ik , e le m e n ta r z a ry a d e k a n lig i m a ’lu m boM gan. U n in g m o d u lin i fiz ik a d a e d e b b e lg ilan ad i. E le m e n ta r z a ry a d n in g q iy m ati в = 1.6 1(Г19С g a te n g . B u y e rd a С — K u lo n , S I b irlik la r sis te m a s id a g i z a ry a d b irlig i. H a r q a n d a y z a ry a d e g a k a r ra li boM adi. Is h o ra n i h is o b g a olib y o zsa k , p r o to n n in g z a ry a d i e, e le k tro n n ik i — e ek a n . M a s a la n , u g le ro d a to m y a d ro s in in g za ry a d i 6 e g a te n g d ir, u g le ro d a to m in in g b a rc h a k im y o v iy xossalari, M en d e le y ev jad v alid ag i o ‘m i s h u za ry ad b ila n b o g 'liq . U s h b u y a d ro a tr o f id a 6 ta e le k tr o n jo y la s h g a n id a n eytral u g le ro d a to m i h osil b o 'la d i. E le k tro n la r so n i 5 ta b o ‘lg a n id a m u s b a t z a ry a d lik io n , e le k tr o n la r so n i 7 ta b o ‘lsa — e z a ry a d lik m a n fiy io n h o sil b o ‘lad i. E le m e n ta r z a ry a d e z a ry a d n in g ta b iiy , ju d a q u la y b irlig id ir. E le m e n t a r z a r r a l a r fiz ik a s id a z a r y a d n in g a n a s h u b ir lig id a n fo y d a la n ila d i. L e k in u n in g q iy m a ti ju d a k ic h ik b o ‘lgan i u c h u n s i b irlik la r s is te m a s id a b o s h q a b irlik С — K u lo n k iritilg a n . B u n d a y b irlik k iritilg a n d a v rd a e le k tro n h a m , e le m e n ta r z a ry a d h a m k a s h f e tilm a g a n d i. T a b ia td a g i h a r q a n d a y z a ry a d e le m e n ta r z a ry a d g a k a rra lid ir: q = N e . E le m e n ta r z a rra la r fizik a sid a e le m e n ta r z a rra la rn in g b ir-b irig a a y la n is h re a k s iy a la ri o ‘rg a n ila d i. M is o l ta riq a s id a e le k tr o n va p o z itr o n n in g t o ‘q n a s h u v re a k s iy a sin i k o 'ra y lik . P o z itr o n - b a r c h a k o ‘rs a tk ic h la rig a k o ‘ra e le k tro n g a o ‘x sh a sh z a rra d ir , fa q a t e le k tr zaryadi m u sb a t, e g a teng. D e m a k elektron va p o zitro n to ‘qn ash g u n g a q a d a r u la r n i n g t o ‘liq z a ry a d i - e + e = 0 b o ‘lg a n . T o 'q n a s h u v p a y tid a e le k tr o n h a m , p o z itro n h a m y o 'q o lib , u la r n in g o 'r n ig a ik k ita g a m m a kvanti h osil b o 'la d i. G a m m a k v an tlar neytral b o 'lg a n i u c h u n , b u r e a k s iy a d a z a r y a d l a r n in g m iq d o r i s a q l a n a r e k a n . E le m e n ta r z a r r a la r fiz ik a sin in g b u tu n ta jrib a s ig a k o 'r a , z a r r a l a r - n in g h a r q a n d a y r e a k s iy a la r id a e l e k t r z a r y a d la r n in g u m u m iy m iq d o ri s a q la n a r e k a n — b u ta b ia t q o n u n i e k a n . M e x a n ik a d a u c h t a s a q la n is h q o n u n i — e n e rg iy a , im p u ls v a im p u ls m o m e n t in i n g s a q la n is h q o n u n la r i o ‘rg a n ila d i. S a q la n is h q o n u n la ri ta b ia tn in g e n g m u h im q o n u n la r id ir , u la rn in g u m u m iy s o n i c h e k la n g a n d ir . Z a r y a d n in g s a q la n is h q o n u n i u l a r d a n b i r i d i r . E l e m e n t a r z a r r a l a r f i z ik a s id a z a r y a d n i n g s a q l a n i s h q o n u n in i tu b ild iz i o c h ilg a n . M a k r o s k o p ik d u n y o d a h a m z a ry a d - la m in g s a q la n is h q o n u n i o 'r in li: y o p iq s is te m a d a g i z a ry a d la r n in g u m u m iy m iq d o ri s a q la n a d i. Z a r y a d la r m iq d o r in i q h a r f i b ila n b e lg ila s a k , y o p iq s is te m a u c h u n s a q la n is h q o n u n i ikk i s h a k ld a y o z ilis h i m u m k in : 0 ‘r g a n ila y o tg a n s is te m a ta s h q i m u h i t b ila n z a r y a d a lm a s h a o ls a , s a q la n is h q o n u n i d a b u a lm a s h is h n i h is o b g a o lish lo z im . B u n in g u c h u n e le k tr to k i tu s h u n c h a s in i k ir ita m iz . E le k tr to k i d e b z a r y a d la r n in g ta r tib li h a r a k a tig a a y tila d i. T o k k u c h i / e l e k t r to k in in g s o n li oM chovi b o ‘lib , b i r o n s ir t o rq a li v a q t b ir lig id a o ‘t a y o tg a n z a ry a d m iq d o r in i b ild ir a d i. U s h b u s irt s if a tid a k o ‘p h o lla rd a o ‘tk a z g ic h la rn in g k o ‘n d a la n g k e sim i tu s h u n ila d i. Z a r y a d n in g s a q la n is h q o n u n id a o ‘rg a n ila y o tg a n s is te m a n in g ta s h q i y o p iq s irti o rq a li o ‘ta d ig a n to k k u c h i m u h im . M u s b a t z a r y a d la r y o p iq s ir td a n ta s h q a r ig a c h iq s a (yoki e le k tr o n la r ic h k a r ig a k irs a ) — to k k u c h i m u s b a t h is o b la n a d i. Z a r y a d la r n in g b u n d a y h a r a k a ti tu fay li ic h k a r id a g i z a r y a d k a m a y is h i k e r a k , d e m a k d q / d t < 0 e k a n , u la r n in g y ig ‘in d isi esa z a r y a d n in g s a q la n is h q o n u n ig a k o ‘ra n o lg a te n g : d q /d t + I = 0 . (1 .1 ) B u te n g lik ixtiyoriy siste m a u c h u n z a ry a d la rn in g saq lan ish q o n u n in i ifo d alay d i. T o k k u c h i A — A m p e r b irlig id a o ‘lc h a n a d i, b u n i [ / ] = A ta r z d a if o d a la n a d i. F r a n s u z o lim i A .A m p e r n in g is h la ri b ila n m a g n e tiz m boM im ida ta n ish a m iz . (1 , l ) g a k o ‘r a to k k u c h in in g birligi z a ry a d b irlig i b ila n b o g ‘liq: A — C /s. B u n d a n key in g i m a tn n i t u s h u n is h u c h u n m a te m a tik ilo v a d a k e ltirilg a n v e k to rla r alg e b ra si v a v e k to r la r a n a liz i e le m e n tla r in i t o ‘liq b ilis h z a ru r. M a k r o s k o p ik s is te m a n in g z a r y a d in i z a ry a d z ic h lig i o rq a li ifod alasa boMadi: p = d q / d V , q = \ p d V (1 .2 ) v Z a ry a d z ic h lig i b irlik h a jm d a g i z a ry a d m iq d o r in i b ild ir a d i, b irlig i C / m \ Z ic h lik v aq t o 'tis h i b ila n o ‘z g a rish i, fazo n in g tu rli q ism la rid a t u r l i c h a bo M ishi m u m k in , y a ’n i z ic h lik u m u m iy h o ld a t o ‘rt a r g u m e n tli s k a ly a r fu n k siy a d ir: p ( x , y , z , t ) . A rg u m e n tla rd a n b iri b o ‘y ic h a h o sila h is o b la n s a , b u n i h u su siy h o s ila d e y ila d i v a d / dx ta rz d a belgilanadi. (1.1) ten g lik d a v aq t b o 'y ic h a hosila ishtirok etadi: ^ = ^ j B u y e r d a in te g r a l k o o r d i n a ta la r b o ‘y ic h a b a ja r ila d ig a n a m a l d i r , in te g r a lla s h n a t i j a s id a k o o r d in a t a la r g a bogM iq b o M m a g a n m i q - d o r h o s il b o M a d i, u n d a n v a q t b o ‘y ic h a h o s i l a t o ‘liq h o s i l a n i ifo d a la y d i. V a q t b o 'y i c h a h o s ila n i in te g ra l ic h ig a k iritib y u b o ris h m u m k in , ic h k a r id a g i v a q tg a bogM iq boM gan z i c h l i k k o ‘p a r g u - m e n t li f u n k s iy a b oM gani u c h u n , h o s ila h u s u s iy h o s i l a s h a k l i d a y o z ila d i: n i l dt ]y ei (1 -3 ) M a k r o s k o p ik sis te m a d a g i z a ry a d la r k o ‘p la b z a ry a d li z a r ra la r- d a n ib o r a t boM adi, u la r o d a td a tin im s iz issiq lik h a r a k a tid a boM adi va u la rn in g o ‘rta c h a tezlig i й =< Э >= 0 boM adi. L e k in ta s h q i t a ’s ir o s tid a z a ry a d la r h a r a k a ti m a ’lu m d a ra ja d a ta r tib la n ib , u la rn in g o ‘rta c h a te z lig i й n o ld a n farq li boM adi. Z a r y a d la rn in g ta rtib li h a ra k a ti j = p S (1 -4 ) to k zichligini yaratadi. T o k zichligi tokka tik b irlik yuza orqali v aq t bir ligida o ‘tad ig an zary ad m iq d o rin i bildiradi, birligi С / ( s n r ) = A / m 2 T o k zichligi h a m u m u m iy h o ld a za iy a d zichligi kabi t o ‘r t arg u m e n tli fiinksiyadir. T o k zichligi y o rd a m id a d S kichik y u za orqali to k kuchini to p ish m u m k in . B u m iq d o r y uza va to k zichligi o ra sid a g i b u rc h a k k a bogM iq boM gani u c h u n , q u y id a g ic h a h is o b la n a d i: d l = jdScosd = jd S . (1-5) B u y e rd a d S m o d u li d S ga, y o ‘n alish i esa bu y u z a g a tik boM gan v e k to rd ir. B u v e k to r d S y u z a n in g fa z o d a q a n d a y jo y la s h g a n in i eflfektiv ta rz d a ifo d ala y d i. Y u z a b o ‘y ic h a in te g ra lla rd a m a k ro sk o p ik y u z a k ic h ik d S y u z a la rg a boMib c h iq ila d i, h a r b ir y u z a v e k to r b ila n ifo d a la n a d i. S ir t y o p iq b o M g an id a d S v e k to rla r s ir tn in g ta sh q a risig a q a ra y d i. Y o p iq sirt o rq a li t o k k u c h i to k z ic h lig i o rq a li q u y id a g ic h a ifo d a la n a d i: I = j>]dS (1 .6 ) U s h b u k ito b n in g o x irid a e le k tr v a m a g n e tiz m k u rsin i o ‘rg a n ish u c h u n z a r u r boM gan v e k to rla r a lg e b ra s i v a v e k to rla r a n a liz in in g ele m e n tla ri b e rilg a n . 0 ‘q u v c h i u la m i t o ‘liq o ‘rg a n ib y ok i ta k ro rla b c h iq is h i z a ru r. M a te m a tik ilovada keltirilgan G a u ss te o re m a s i y o rd a m id a y o p iq sirt b o 'y ic h a in te g ra ld a n s h u sirt b ila n c h e g a ra la n g a n h a jm b o ‘y ic h a in te g ra lg a o ‘tis h m u m k in : / = j j d S = J diyjdV , (1 .7 ) 5 v - djx djy 9jz dtv j = ^ £ - + —Z- ч---- - . dx dy dz (1 .3 ) v a (1 .7 ) la rn i (1 .1 ) g a q o ‘ysak : \ [ ^ + d i v j ^ d V = 0. ( L 8 ) Integral h a m m a v aq t n o lg a ten g lig id a n , in teg rallan uvchi funksiya n o lg a ten g lig i kelib c h iq a d i: + divj = 0. (1 .9 ) B u te n g l a m a u z lu k s iz lik te n g la m a s i d e b a t a l a d i. U z lu k s iz lik te n g la m a s i b irlik h a jm u c h u n z a r y a d n in g s a q la n is h q o n u n in i ifo d a la y d i. U n d a g i b ir in c h i h a d b irlik h a jm d a g i z a r y a d la r m iq - d o r in in g o ‘z g a ris h te z lig in i b ild ir s a , ik k in c h i h a d ( d i v j ) b irlik h a jm s i r ti d a n c h iq a y o tg a n j v e k to r la r m iq d o r in i, y a ’ni to k k u - c h in i b ild ira d i. U z lu k s iz lik te n g la m a s i fiz ik a n in g tu rli b o M im la rid a u c h ra y d i va b ir o n ta fiz ik m iq d o r in in g (m a s a la n e n e rg iy a n in g ) s a q la n is h q o n u n in i ifo d a la y d i. 1.1. Bu bo'lim da kiritilgan tushunchalam i daftaringizda izohlang. • Zaryad; • Zaryadning ishorasi; • E lem entar zaryad; • Zaryad zichligi; • Ion; • Elektr toki va tok kuchi; • Tok zichligi; • Zaryadning saqlanish qonuni; • Uzluksizlik tenglamasi; • S irte le m e n ti vektori d S , • d i v ] hosilaning fizik m a’nosini bilgan holda d i v f hosilaning fizik m a’nosini tushuntiring. 1.2. Bulut IOC zaryadga ega. Bunda manfiy zaryadlar qayoqqa ketgan? Bulutda qancha elektron yetishmaydi? 1.3. Y ashindagi tok kuchi lCM b o ‘lsa, IOC zaryadli bulut qan ch a vaqtda razryadlanadi? 3 - § . K u lo n q o n u n i . N u q t a v i y z a r y a d n i n g e l e k t r m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n l i g i E le k tr z a ry a d la ri o ra s id a t a ’s irla sh u v b o ‘lib, is h o ra si b ir h il b o 'l g a n z a ry a d la r ita ris h a d i, tu rli ish o ra li z a r y a d la r to rtis h a d i. O .K u lo n ta jrib a la rig a k o ‘ra n u q ta v iy z a ry a d la r o ra s id a g i k u c h z a ry a d la r n in g q iy m a tla rig a m u ta n o s ib ( Qq), u la r o ra s id a g i m a s o - fa n in g k v a d ra tig a r 2 tesk ari m u ta n o s ib ek a n : F = k % . (3 .1 ) r~ D e m a k , K u lo n q o n u n i B u tu n d u n y o to rtis h is h q o n u n ig a o ‘x s h a s h e k a n . K u c h , m a so fa va z a ry a d la rn i b o g ‘lo v c h i b u q o n u n 1785- y ild a « E le k trn in g f u n d a m e n ta l q o n u n i» n o m li m a q o la d a b a y o n e tilg a n . B u n g a c h a e le k tr s o h a s id a g i iz la n is h la r fa q a t k u z a tu v la r b ila n c h e k la n g a n b o 'ls a , K u lo n o ‘z iz la n is h la rin i so n li ta jrib a la r b ila n o lib b o rd i v a e le k tr s o h a s id a b ir i n c h i m iq d o riy q o n u n n i o c h d i. K u lo n q o n u n in in g m u h im lig in i s h u n d a n h a m b ilish m u m - k in k i, e le k tr o s ta tik a boM im idagi b a r c h a b ilim la r K u lo n q o n u n in i m a te m a tik q ay ta ish lash b ila n o lin a d i. K u lo n q o n u n id a g i koeffitsiyent b irlik la r sistem asi b ila n b o g ‘liq. S G S E b irlik la r s is te m a s id a k = 1 d e b h is o b la n ib , z a r y a d la r b irlig i to p ila d i. K u c h ( d i n a = g s m / s 2 ) v a m a s o f a ( s m) b i r l ik la r id a n fo y d a la n ib , z a ry a d b irlig in i to p a m iz : \q] = g l / 2 s m3/ 2 / s T u s h u n is h o s o n b o ‘lish i u c h u n b u m iq d o rn i S G S E q— S G S E z a ry a d birlig i d e b a ta la d i. S G S E b irlik la r s is te m a s id a b a r c h a fizik m iq d o rla r sm, g, s b irlik la rin in g k o m b in a ts iy a s i ta r z id a ifo d a la n a d i. S I x a lq a r o b ir lik la r s is te m a s id a z a r y a d b irlig i b o s h q a c h a k iritila d i, к d o im iy e sa tu rli b irlik la m i m o sla y d i: к = 9 ■ 109аи/ F (3 .2 ) B u y e rd a F — F a ra d a . к n in g b irlig i b o s h q a c h a y o z ilish i h a m m u m k in : m / F = N m 2/ C 2 = J m / C 2 . (3 .2 ) ifo da taq rib iy b o ‘lsa h a m , o ‘qu v ja r y o n id a q o ‘lla n ish i u c h u n y e ta rli a n iq lik k a ega. к u c h u n a n iq q iy m a t q u y id a g i te n g lik la rd a n to p ila d i: к = 1 /4 я е 0, е0^0 = 1 / с 2 (3 .3 ) B u y e rd a g i e 0 v a /u0 e le k tr v a m a g n it d o im iy s i d e b a ta la d i, с — yoru g M ik n in g b o ‘sh liq d a g i te z lig i. Y orugM ik tezlig i h o zirg i p a y td a j u d a k a tta a n iq lik d a o M c h a n g a n , Vo m i q d o r e sa q u y id a g ic h a ta n la n g a n : c = (299792458 ± 1 .2 ) m / s , (3.4) A, = 4 я 10"7 H / m (3 .6 ) к = 8.9875517 9-109 т / F (3 .7 ) K u c h 1 d i n a , m a s o f a 1 s m b o 'l g a n d a 1 S G S E z a r y a d l a r n in g t a ’s irla s h u v k u c h in in g (3 .7 ) k o e ffits iy e n tn i qoM lab h is o b - la y lik : B u if o d a d a n z a ry a d b irlik la ri o ra s id a g i m u n o s a b a t to p ila d i: С = 2.998 • 109 SG S E q . (3 .8 ) (3 .1 ) te n g lik n u q ta v iy z a ry a d la r u c h u n o 'r in li. Z a r y a d la r e le m e n ta r z a rra la rd a n ib o ra t b o 'lg a n i- , , d a u la r a lb a tta n u q ta v iy d eb h is o b - 3.1-rasm. n J la n a d i. K u lo n q o n u n i m a k ro sk o p ik z a r y a d l a r g a q o ‘l l a n i s h i u c h u n z a r y a d l a r n i n g ( z a r y a d l a n g a n jis m la r n in g ) o ‘lc h a m i u la r o ra sid a g i m a s o fa d a n k o ‘p m a rta k ic h ik b o ‘lish i lo z im . (3 .1 ) ifo d a b ila n a n iq la n g a n k u c h z a ry a d la rn in g ik k isig a h a m t a ’sir e ta d i. N y u to n n in g u c h in c h i q o n u n ig a k o 'r a , b u k uclolar te n g v a z a r y a d la m i b irla s h tiru v c h i t o ‘g ‘ri c h iz iq b o ' y l a b o ‘z a ro q a r a m a - q a r s h i y o 'n a lg a n b o ‘la d i (3 .1 -ra s m ). Z a ry a d la rn in g b irig a, q z a ry a d - g a t a ’s i r e t u v c h i k u c h n i v e k t o r ta rz d a tasv irlay lik . О — k o o rd in a ta b o s h i, rQ v a ? ik k i z a r y a d n in g ra d iu s vek to rlari b o ‘lsin (3 .2 -ra sm ). Z a r y a d l a r o r a s i d a g i m a s o f a Ir - rQI , q z a ry a d g a t a ’sir e tu v c h i k u c h z a ry a d la r n i b irla s h tiru v c h i r - r Q v e k to r b o ‘y lab y o 'n a lg a n b o ‘lad i. S h u la rn i h iso b g a o lib K u lo n k u c h i v e k to rin i q u y id a g ic h a y o z is h im iz m u m k in : - _ k a - ( p - f Q) ~ i T T T ( 3 -9 ) Г ~ rQ\ Z a ry a d la r ikkita em as, k o ‘p ro q b o ‘lsa, q za ry adg a b a rc h a b o s h q a n u q ta v iy z a ry a d la r t a ’sir e ta d i. U m u m iy k u c h n i m e x a n ik a q o n u n - la rig a k o ‘ra k u c h la m in g v e k to r y ig ‘in d is i s h a k lid a y o z is h im iz m u m k in : yoki e le k tr k u c h l a r u c h u n (3 .9 ) f o r m u la d a n fo y d a la n s a k : K o o r d in a ta b o s h in i z a ry a d tu r g a n n u q ta g a jo y la s h tir s a k , r = 0 b o ‘lib: ^ = { - ^ 1 ~ f \ q - ( 3 - 1 2 > J u m la d a n t a ’sir e tu v c h i z a ry a d b itta b o ‘lg a n id a : F = - k % q . (3 .1 3 ) r B u y e r d a r — k o o r d in a ta b o s h id a n ( q z a ry a d d a n ) t a ’s ir e tu v c h i z a ry a d g a y o ‘n a lg a n v ek to r. T a ’s ir e tu v c h i z a ry a d b itta boM g an id a k o o rd in a ta b o s h in i s h u t a ’s ir e tu v c h i Q z a ry a d g a h a m jo y la s h tir s a b o ‘la d i, b u n d a rQ = 0 b o ‘lib , (3 .9 ) g a a s o s a n F = k % t j (3 .1 4 ) r b o ‘ladi. Y o z ilg a n fo rm u la la r k u c h n in g m o d u lin ig in a e m as, y o ‘n a iis h in i h a m h is o b la s h im k o n in i b e ra d i. S h u n d a y q ilib , u m u m iy h o ld a (3 .1 1 ) f o r m u la , b itta . t a ’s ir e tu v c h i z a ry a d u c h u n (3 .9 ) o 'r in li. K o o r d in a ta b o s h in i q z a ry a d g a jo y la s h tir ils a (3 .1 2 ) fo r m u la , b itta t a ’s ir e tu v c h i z a ry a d u c h u n (3.13) o ‘rinli e k a n . T a ’sir e tu v c h i z a ry a d b itta boM ganida k o o rd in a ta b o s h in i s h u t a ’s ir e tu v c h i z a ry a d g a jo y la s h tir ib , (3 .1 4 ) f o r m u la d a n fo y d a la n sa b o 'la d i. * * * Z a r y a d la r n in g t a ’sirla sh u v i u la r o ra s id a t a ’sirla s h u v n i u z a tu v - c h i m a te r iy a b o rlig id a n d a r a k b e r a d i, u e le k t r m a y d o n i d e b n o m - la n a d i. M a y d o n n in g m o d d a d a n a s o s iy fa rq i s h u n d a n ib o r a tk i, m a y d o n o d a td a fa z o d a c h e k la n m a g a n boMadi v a m o d d a o rq a li o ‘tib k e ta v e ra d i, m a y d o n n in g e le k tr o n , a to m k a b i k ic h ik e le m e n tla r i ( g ‘is h tla r i) b o M m ay d i. E le k tr m a y d o n n i n g m a v ju d lig i u n in g z a ry ad larg a t a ’sir etish ig a q a ra b sez ila d i. M o d d a n in g m a ssa , tezlik , im p u ls , e n e r g iy a , te m p e r a tu r a k a b i k o 'p l a b x a r a k te r is tik a la r i boM gani k a b i, e le k tr m a y d o n n in g h a m e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h la n - g a n lig i Ё va in d u k siy a si D , m a y d o n p o te n sia li cp, energiya zichlig i w E x arak teristik alari m avjud. M a y d o n im p u ls v a im p u ls m o m e n tig a h a m ega boMadi. F iz ik a n in g m e x a n ik a boM im ida g ra v ita tsio n m a y d o n la r b ilan ta n ish g a n siz . E n d i esa elek tr, s o ‘n g ra m a g n it m a y d o n la rn in g x o ssa la ri o ‘rg a n ila d i. E le k tr v a m a g n it m a y d o n la r y a g o n a e le k tr o m a g n it m a y d o n n in g ikki q is m id ir. E le k tr m a y d o n ig a k iritilg a n q z a ry a d g a t a ’s ir e tu v c h i k u c h F b u z a ry a d n in g q iy m a tig a m u ta n o s ib boM adi: K u c h b ila n z a ry a d n i bogM ovchi E v e k to r e le k tr m a y d o n in in g en g m u h im x a ra k te ris tik a s i boM ib, e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i v e k to ri d e b a ta la d i. Y u q o rid a g i (3 .1 1 ) f o r m u la g a a s o s a n n u q ta v iy z a r y a d la r s is te m a s in in g m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig in i y o z is h im iz m u m k in : B u y erd a r — m a y d o n iz la n a y o tg a n n u q ta n in g , r, — z a ry a d la rn in g ra d iu s v e k to rla rid ir. (3.16) ga k o 'r a u m u m iy m a y d o n ay rim z a ry a d la r m a y d o n la r in in g yigM ndisiga te n g e k a n : Bu te n g lik s u p e r p o z its iy a p rin s ip in i ifo d a la y d i. U n g a k o ‘ra toMiq m a y d o n a y r im m a y d o n la r n in g v e k to r yigM nd isiga te n g . B itta z a ry a d n in g m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i, a g a r k o o rd in a ta b o sh in i sh u za ry a d g a jo y la s h tir s a k , q u y id a g ic h a ifo d a la n a d i: F = Eq (3 .1 5 ) / Ir - I- (3 .1 6 ) (3 .1 7 ) E = k Q r / r B u ifo d a n in g m o d u li E = k Q / r g a te n g . M a k r o s k o p ik z a r y a d la r m a y d o n in i h is o b la s h d a h a m (3 .1 5 ) f o r m u la g a a s o s la n is h m u m k in . M a k r o s k o p ik z a ry a d la r n i h a jm iy z ic h lik p (b irlig i C /m 3), sirt z ic h lig i a (b irlig i C / m 1), y o k i c h iz iq li z ic h lik X (b irlig i C /m ) b ila n x a ra k te rla s h m u m k in . U n d a p d V , a d S , X d l ifo d a la r c h e k s iz k ic h ik o ‘lc h a m li h a jm d a g i z a r y a d la r n i b ild ira d i. (3 .1 6 ) ifo d a d a n u q ta v iy z a r y a d n i, m a s a la n , p d V ifo d a b ila n , y ig ‘in d in i in te g ra l b ila n a lm a s h tir ib , u z lu k s iz ta q s im la n g a n z a ry a d la r m a y d o n in i y o z is h im iz m u m k in : B u y e r d a d V ' = d x 'd y 'd z ' Z a r y a d la r m u h it ic h id a t a ’s irla s h a y o tg a n b o ‘lsa, t a ’sirla sh u v g a m u h itn in g h iss a s in i h is o b g a o lish lo z im (7 -§ ). K e y in g i b o ‘lim la r d a e le k tr m a y d o n in i h is o b la s h n in g b o s h q a im k o n iy a tla ri h a m k o ‘riladi. U s h b u b oM im da e le k tr m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i m a y d o n n in g z a ry a d g a t a ’siri o 'lc h o v i s ifa tid a k iritild i. L ek in Ё m iq d o r b u n d a n k a tta r o q a h a m iy a tg a eg a b o 'lib , u n i o ‘rg a n ish d a v o m e ta d i. S a v o l va m a s a la la r 3.1. Yangi tushunchalarni daftaringizda ta ’riflang: • K ulon qonuni; • k , e0, / j 0, с — doim iylar; • E le k tr k u c h la m in g y o 'n a lis h i h aq id a n im a d ey a olasiz? • E le k tr m a y d o n in in g q a n d a y x a ra k te ris tik a la ri m av jud ? • M ak ro sk o p ik z a ry ad larn in g q a n d a y x a ra k te ristik a la rin i bilasiz? 3.2. Z ary ad lar sirt b o ‘yicha jo y lash g an d a m aydon q an d ay h iso b la nadi? Z a ry a d la r ch iziq b o 'y ic h a jo y la n sa c h i? 3.3. Superpozitsiya prinsipi kuchlam ing vektor yig'indisini hisoblash qoidasiga teng kuchli ekanligini isbotlang. 3.4. T o m o n lari a b o 'lg an kvadratning u chlarid a bir hil q zaryadlar joylashgan. U larning har biriga t a ’sir etuvchi k uchni toping. (3 .1 9 ) s h id a tu rg an b o ‘lsin, sh u n u q tad ag i m a y d o n ^ kuchlanganligini hisoblaymiz, ya’ni r = 0 bo'lsin. B oshqa z a ry a d la rn in g ra d iu s v ek to rla rin i y o z a - m iz: i\ = ia, Download 48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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