S. o r I f j o n o V elektromagnitizm
-§. Tokning magnit maydoni. Amper qonuni
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- 17-§. Magnit maydon xossalari. Magnit maydon tenglamalari
- 18-§. To‘Iiq tok qonuni
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16-§. Tokning magnit maydoni. Amper qonuni M a g n e tiz m s o h a s id a g i b u y u k k a s h f iy o tla r m a g n e tiz m b ila n e le k tr o ‘rta s id a g i b o g M an ish n in g o c h ilis h i b ila n bogMiq. 1 8 02 -y ili ita liy a lik fiz ik R a m a n o z i m a g n it s tre lk a V o lt u s tu n ig a (g a lv a n ik e le m e n tn in g b ir tu ri) y a q in la s h tirilg a n d a o z g in a b u rilis h in i se z d i. L e k in b u h o d is a fa q a t e le k tr to k o ‘ta y o tg a n id a boM ishini se z ish u n g a nasib e tm a d i. D a n iy a lik o lim G a n s X ris tia n E rs te d h a m ta b ia t h o d is a la ri o ra sid a bogM anishlarni izlar edi. E lek tr va m a g n it h o d is a la r orasidagi bogM anishlam i a n iq la g a n o lim , 1820-yil 15 -fev rald a ta la b a la r o ld id a ta jrib a q o ‘y a d i. K u tila y o tg a n n a tija n i eM on q ilib (E r s te d s h u n d a y y o z a d i) , V o lt u s tu n i q u tb la rin i o 'tk a z g ic h o rq a li b irla s h tirg a n d a o ‘tk a z g ic h y o n ig a o ‘rn a tilg a n magnit strelka o‘tkazgich tomonga burildi. M a g n it va e le k tr h o d is a la r o ra s id a k o ‘p la b fiz ik la r iz la g a n bogM anish a n a s h u n d a y a n iq la n d i: E rs te d e le k tr d a n m a g n e tiz m n i hosil qildi. B ir n e c h a o y d an s o ‘n g, tajrib alam i k u c h liro q to k m an b asi b ila n ta k ro r la g a n E rste d y an g ilik h a q id a y o z a d i. Y a n g ilik n in g y a n a b ir to m o n i s h u n d a e d ik i, E rs te d m a g n it m a y d o n n i to k k a , o 't k a z - gichga tik ekanligini, m ay d o n ay lan m a ekanligini tasvirlaydi. Tajribani o 'z id a n ta sh q a ri u n i k u z a tg a n h u rm a tli ja n o b la r n i b ir m a - b ir s a n a b o ‘ta d i. M a g n it m a y d o n n in g b u n d a y x a r a k te r in i ilm a h li q a b u l e tish i o s o n e m a s d i. Q u y id a g i r a s m la r n in g b i r in c h is id a to k s iz o 'tk a z g ic h m a g n it s tre lk a g a p a r a lle l jo y la s h tir ilg a n (s tre lk a n in g bu h o la ti Y e rn in g m a g n it m a y d o n i b ila n a n iq la n a d i) . 0 ‘tk a z - g ic h d a n to k o ‘ta b o sh lash i b ilan strelk a o 'tk a z g ic h g a tik y o ‘n alish g a b u rilish i k u z a tila d i. 16. l-rasm. E rs te d n in g k a sh fiy o ti izsiz q o lm a d i. U n in g ish i 2 1 -iy u l b ila n b e lg ila n g a n b o ‘lsa, s h u 1 9 2 0 -yil 4 - s e n ty a b r d a F .A ra g o ism li fra n su z o lim i b u h a q d a F ra n s u z F a n la r A k a d e m iy a s id a d a stla b k i h a b a r b e r a d i . B u h a b a r u n u m d o r z a m i n g a k e lib t u s h a d i . T in g lo v c h ila r o ra s id a A .A m p e r o 'tir a r d i. 45 y o sh li b u o lim h a m e le k tr va m a g n e tiz m b ila n b ir u m r s h u g ‘u lla n g a n , u la r o ra s id a g i b o g ‘la n is h n i iz la g a n e d i. S h u n c h a d a v r iz la g a n b o g ‘la n is h in i E rs te d t o p g a n in i e s h itib , a f s u s la n a d i, le k in y a n g ilik u n i is h g a u n d a y d i. U to k n in g m a g n it s tre lk a g a t a ’s irin i o 'r g a n is h m u h im , le k in to k la r n in g o ‘z a ro t a ’siri y a n a d a m u h im lig in i tu s h u n a d i va ta jrib a la rg a k iris h a d i. Y iln in g o h ir ig a c h a A k a d e m iy a y ig 'in la r id a d e y a rli o ‘n m a r ta ta jrib a la r id a g i y a n g ilik la rn i h a b a r q ilib tu ra d i — A k a d e m iy a ta rix id a b u n d a y h o d is a ta k ro r la n m a g a n . A m p e r t o k y o ‘n a lis h i s ifa tid a m u s b a t z a ry a d la r h a r a k a t y o ‘- n a lis h in i b e lg ila sh q o id a s in i k iritd i. 0 ‘tk a z g ic h s im la rd a n g ‘a lta k — s o le n o id ( a ta m a h a m u n ik i) y asa b , to k li s o le n o id m a g n it m a y d o n i m a g n itg a e k v iv a le n tlig in i k o 'rsa ta d i. T o k li ra m k a te k islig i Y e rn in g m a g n it m a y d o n id a m a g n it stre lk a g a tik jo y la sh ish in i to p d i. A rago bilan solenoid h a jm id a te m im i m ag n itla sh b o 'y ic h a tajrib a o lib b o rd i. Y e rn in g m a g n it m a y d o n i h a m Y e r y a d ro s id a g i to k la r n in g m a y d o n id a n ib o ra tlig in i y o z d i. E le k tr to k la rin in g o 'z a r o t a ’s irla s h u v in i — p a ra lle l to k la rn in g to r tis h is h in i, te sk a ri o q u v c h i to k la r n in g ita ris h is h in i m iq d o r iy ta rz d a o ‘rg a n d i. T o k la rn in g m a y d o n i o ‘z g a rm a s m a g n it m a y d o n ig a e k v iv a le n t- lig id a n , m a g n itla r n in g ic h id a h a m to k la r (m o le k u ly a r to k la r) b o rlig in i b a s h o ra t qildi. M a g n itla rd a g i to k la r te m ir m a g n itla n m a g a n h o lid a h a m m a v - ju d lig in i, fa q a t o d a td a b e ta rtib b o ‘lg a n i u c h u n u la rn in g m a y d o n i s e z ilm a s lig in i, m a g n itla n is h esa u la r n in g to k la rin i ta rtib la s h ib , m o d d a n i m a g n itg a a y la n tiris h in i a y ta d i. « F ik rim t o ‘g ‘ri b o ‘lsa, h o z ir g a c h a m a g n it x o ssalari s e z ilm a g a n m o d d a la r d a h a m m a g n e - t iz m n i q o ‘z g ‘a tis h m u m k in lig in i k u tis h m u m k in » d e b a y ta d i. H a q iq a ta n , k ey in g i ta jrib a la r d a d e y a rli b a r c h a m o d d a la r m a g n it- la s h u v in i k o ‘rs a tib , m o d d a la r n i m a g n it x o s s a la ri b o ‘y ic h a fe rro -, p a r a - va d ia m a g n e tik la rg a a jra ta d i. B iz A m p e r to p g a n b irin c h i m iq d o riy m a g n it q o n u n - A m p e r q o n u n in i b atafsil o 'rg a n a y lik . T a jrib a la rd a ikki p a ra lle l o ‘tk a z g ic h la rd a g i to k la rn in g o ‘z a ro t a ’siri o ‘rg a n ila d i. B ir y o ‘n a lis h d a g i p a ra lle l to k la r to rtis h a r, tesk ari y o ‘n a lg a n to k la r ita ris h a r e k a n . M iq d o r iy j i h a t d a n t a ’s ir k u c h la r i o ‘tk a z g ic h la r n in g / u z u n - lig ig a p r o p o r ts ia n a l b o ‘lis h id a n ta s h q a r i, to k la r n in g h a r b irig a ( / , / , ) t o ‘g ‘ri m u ta n o s ib , o ra d a g i /" m a s o f a g a te s k a ri m u ta n o s ib e k a n : F а . а д I An r v ' B u y e r d a ^ = A n l O ~ 1H / m m a g n it d o im iy d e b a ta la d i. A m p e r q o n u n in in g (1 6 .1 ) ifo d a si h a lq a r o b irlik la r s is te m a s i ( S I)g a m o s - langan. B u q o n u n t o p i lg u n g a q a d a r to k k u c h i n i o M c h a sh h a m m u a m m o t u g 'd ir a r e d i, k e y in c h a lik k iritilg a n to k k u c h in in g b irlig i u n i oM chash u su li b ila n b irg a A m p e r d eb a ta ld i. A m p e r q o n u n ig a k o 'r a \ m m a so fa d a g i p a ra lle l s im la m in g h a r m e trig a m a g n it t a ’s ir k u c h i 2- lO 'W b o M is h i u c h u n , u la r n in g h a r b irid a n IA to k o ‘tis h i k erak . T o k k u c h in in g b irlig i s h u n d a y t a ’rif- la n g a n . A m p e r q o n u n i m a g n e tiz m so h asid ag i b irin c h i m iq d o riy q o n u n e d i. S h u s a b a b li K u lo n q o n u n i k a b i fa n n in g k eying i riv o jla n ish ig a m u h im hissa q o ‘shdi. 17-§. Magnit maydon xossalari. Magnit maydon tenglamalari M a g n it h o d is a la rd a t a ’sirla sh u v n i u z a tu v c h i m o d d iy b o rliq — m a g n it m a y d o n d e b a ta la d i. M a g n it m a y d o n h a ra k a tla n u v c h i z a ry a d la r to m o n id a n hosil q ilin a d i va h a ra k a td a g i z a ry a d la rg a t a ’sir e ta d i, q o ‘z g ‘a lm a s z a ry ad larg a t a ’s ir etm ay d i. M a g n it m a y d o n h a m z a ry a d la rn in g m a y d o n i boMgani u c h u n elek tr va m a g n it m a y d o n la r o ra sid a bogM anish boM ishini k u tis h m u m k in , lek in b u bogM anish a n iq la n g u n c h a o lim la r y a n a k a tta iz la n is h la r o lib b o ris h ig a t o ‘g ‘ri k eld i. Bu b o g M an ish lar to p ilg u n c h a m a g n it m a y d o n e le k tr m a y - d o n d a n farqli va m u sta q il m a y d o n sifatid a o ‘rg a n ild i. M a g n it m a y d o n m avjudligini va x o ssalarin i u n g a sezg ir e le m e n t — m a g n it strelk a k iritib o ‘ig a n ish m u m k in . M a g n it strelk a — yengil m a g n it boM ib, u n i o ‘q q a o ‘rn a tib , a y la n ish im k o n iy a ti y a ra tilg a n . 90 s tre lk a n in g h a r q a n d a y m a g n it k ab i s h im o liy ( N ) v a ja n u b iy (5 ) q u tb la ri b o r. U la r in g liz c h a s h im o liy ( N o r t h ) v a ja n u b iy ( S o u th ) s o 'z la ri b ila n b e lg ila n g a n . S h im o liy q u tb o d a t d a k o ‘k ( h a v o ra n g ), ja n u b iy q u tb q izil ra n g g a b o ‘y ab q o 'y ila d i. Y e rn in g m a g n it m a y d o - n id a m a g n it s tre lk a s h im o liy u c h i b ila n s h im o ln i k o 'r s a tib tu ra d i. M a g n it s tre lk a la r b ir-b irig a y a q in q o ‘y ilsa, o ‘z a ro t a ’s irla s h ib , q a r a m a - q a r s h i q u tb la ri b ir-b irig a to r tis h a d i. S tre lk a n in g s h im o liy q u tb i s h im o ln i k o ‘rs a tish i — Y e rn in g ja n u b i y m a g n it q u tb i s h i- m o ld a jo y la s h g a n in i k o ‘rs a ta d i (Y e rn in g g e o g ra fik q u tb i b ila n ja n u b iy m a g n it q u tb i u s tm a - u s t tu s h m a y d i, u la r o ra s id a d ey a rli ikki m in g k m b o r. B u n in g u stig a m a g n it q u tb o ‘z o ‘rn in i a s ta se k in o ‘z g a rtirib b o ra d i). M a g n it stre lk a n i m a g n itla r va e le k tr to k la rn in g m a y d o n in i o ‘rg a n is h u c h u n f o y d a la n g a n d a , u la rn i m a y d o n id a n ta s h q a r i Y e rn in g m a y d o n i h a m b o rlig in i u n u tm a s lik k e ra k . T e m ir a r ra la n g a n d a te m ir q ip iq h o s il b o ‘la d i. U n in g z a rra la ri h u d d i m a g n it s tre lk a la r k ab i m a g n it x o ss a la rg a eg a b o ‘lib , m a g n it m a y d o n la r tu z ilis h in i — s tru k tu ra s in i o ‘r g a n is h d a fo y d a la n ila d i. 17.1- r a s m d a c h iz iq li va ta q a s im o n m a g n itla r n in g m a y d o n i te m ir q ip ig 'i y o rd a m id a o sh k o r qilingan. T ajrib a q u y id a g ic h a olib b o rilad i. S h ish a yoki q o g ‘o z sirtiga q ipiq sepilib, m a g n it tep asig a o lib bo rilad i. M a y d o n q ip iq n ijo y la sh ish ig a t a ’sir etad i. Q ip iq n in g o g ‘irligi, o ‘z a ro is h q a la n is h i t o ‘sq in lik q ilm a slig i u c h u n q o g 'o z en g il q im ir la tib y u b o rila d i. N a tija d a q ip iq z a rra la rin i m a g n it m a y d o n c h iz iq la ri b o ‘y la b m a rjo n kabi tiz ilib tu ris h in i k o ‘rib , m a y d o n s tru k tu ra s i a n iq la n a d i. S h u n g a o ‘x s h a b , e le k tr to k la ri h o sil q ilg a n m a g n it m a y d o n n i o ‘rg a n is h m u m k in . 1 7 .2 -ra s m d a s o le n o id m a y d o n i ta s v irla n g a n . s o le n o id n in g ta s h q i m a y d o n i b ila n c h iz iq li m a g n itn in g m a g n it m a y d o n i j u d a o 'x s h a sh lig i k o 'r in ib tu rib d i. S o le n o id n in g ic h k i q ism id a g i m a y d o n n i o ‘rg a n ish m u h im x u lo sag a o lib keladi: m a g n it c h iz iq la r u z lu k s iz h a lq a la r n i h o s il q ila d i, u la r n in g b i r q is m i so len o id tash q arisig a c h iq a d i, b ir qism i so le n o id n in g ichk i h a jm id a n o 'ta d i. D o im iy m a g n itla m in g m ay d o n i h a m s h u n g a o 'x s h a b uzluksiz b o 'lis h i k e ra k , le k in u la rn in g b ir q ism i m o d d a n in g ic h id a n o ‘tg a n i u c h u n u l a r n i k o ‘rish m u m k in e m a s . M a g n i t m a y d o n k u c h c h iz iq la r in i u z lu k s iz v a a y la n m a e k a n lig ig a b irin c h i b o r E rs te d e ’tib o r b e r g a n ed i. B u h u jja tli ta sv irla rg a q a ra b m a g n it m a y d o n in g k u c h c h iz iq - la rin c h iz m a s in i c h iz is h m u m k in , b u n d a ta s h q i c h iz iq la r s h im o liy q u tb d a n b o s h la n ib , ja n u b iy q u tb g a y o ‘n a lg a n b o 'la d i. 1 7 .3 -ra s m d a t o ‘g ‘ri c h iz iq li m a g n itn in g m a y d o n i ta sv irla n g a n . M a g n it m a y d o n n i te m ir q ip iq v o s ita s id a o ‘rg a n ib , m a g n itla r- n in g to rtis h is h i v a ita ris h is h i h a m tu s h u n tir ilis h i m u m k in . 1 7 .4 -a ra s m d a m a g n itla m in g tu rli q u tb la ri y a q in la s h tirilg a n d a g i m a y d o n ta sv irla n g a n . B ir m a g n it k u c h c h iz iq la ri ik k in c h i m a g n it k u c h c h iz iq la ri b ila n b irla s h ib , o 'z a r o to rtis h is h v u ju d g a k e la d i. B ir xil q u tb la r y a q in la s h tirilg a n d a (1 7 .4 -b , 1 7 .4 -c ra s m la r) — m a g n it k u c h c h iz iq la ri o ‘z a r o ita ris h ib , m a g n itla rn i h a m ita rish ish ig a olib keladi. Q ip iq la rn in g f a z o d a e r k in jo y la s h is h i u c h u n m a x su s s irt boM m ag an d a q ip iq la r m a g n itg a y o p ish ib q o lib , b u n g a o g 'irlik k u c h la r i h a m h is s a q o ‘s h ib , m a g n it m a y d o n s tr u k tu r a s in i fa q a t s if a t j i h a t d a n tu s h u n is h im k o n in i b e ra d i (1 7 .5 -ra s m ) . T o ‘g ‘ri c h iz iq li to k n in g m a g n it m a y d o n in i o ‘r - g a n g a n d a , to k v e rtik a l sim b o ‘y lab o ‘tg a n i m a ’q u l, s h u n d a m a g n it s tre lk a la m i yoki m a g n it q ip iq n i g o riz o n ta l sirtd a jo y la s h tiris h q u la y b o ‘ladi. 17.6-a ra s m d a to k siz o ‘tk a z g ic h atro fid a g i m a g n it stre lk a la r tasvirlangan. v l ) v £ ) * ( S ) 17.6-rasm. Y e rn in g m a g n it m a y d o n i v a o 'z a r o t a ’sirla sh ish u la rn i m a g n it m e r id ia n b o ‘y la b jo y la s h tir a d i. 0 ‘tk a z g ic h d a g i to k b iz to m o n g a y o ‘n a lg a n d a ( 1 7 .6 - b ) s tr e lk a la r h o la t i to k n in g m a y d o n i b ila n a n iq la n m o q d a . T o k n in g m a y d o n i a y la n m a s h a k ld a , s o a t strelk asig a q a rs h i y o ‘n a lg a n lig i k o ‘rin ib tu rib d i. T o k ra s m n in g o rtig a to m o n y o ‘n a lg a n d a ( 1 7 .6 - c ) m a y d o n s o a t stre lk a si b o 'y la b y o ‘n a lg a n b o 'la d i. O h irg i h o la t o ‘n g p a r m a q o id a s in i tu s h u n tir is h u c h u n a y n iq s a q u lay . P a r m a to k b o ‘ylab (r a s m n in g o rtig a ) ilg a rila n m a h a r a k a tla n is h i u c h u n u n in g d a s ta la ri (m a g n it m a y d o n y o 'n a lis h i h a m ) so a t stre lk a s i b o 'y la b a y la n is h i k erak . T o k b iz to m o n g a y o ‘n a lg a n d a d a s ta n i n g h a r a k a t i h a m (d e m a k m a g n it m a y d o n y o ‘n a lish i h a m ) s o a t s tre lk a s ig a te s k a r i b o ‘la d i. 0 ‘n g p a r m a q o i d a s i n i q o ‘l l a s h 1 7 .6 - d , e ra sm ia rd a y a n a b ir b o ra tasv irla n m o q d a . T o ‘g ‘ri c h iz iq li to k n in g m a g n it m a y d o n in i m a g n it q ip iq y o r d a m id a o 'r g a n s a k , u n i n g a y l a n m a s t r u k t u r a s i y a n a d a a n iq r o q b ilin a d i (1 7 .7 -ra s m ) . M a g n it m a y d o n la r n in g ta jr ib a la r a s o s id a o ‘rg a n ilis h i ikki m u h im x u lo sa g a o lib kelad i: 1. M a g n it m a y d o n to k la r a tro f id a h o s il boM adi. 2. M a g n it m a y d o n c h iz iq la ri u z lu k siz boM ib, s h u m a ’n o d a m a n b a s iz d ir. E le k tr m a y d o n i ik k ita v e k to r x a ra k te ris tik a y o r d a m id a ( Ё v a D ) o ‘rg a n ilg a n i kabi, m a g n it m a y d o n n in g В va H x arak teristik asi k iritila d i. H — m a g n it m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i d e b a ta la d i v a m a z m u n a n fa q a t erk in za ry a d la rn in g to k la ri b ila n a n iq la n a d i (y a ’ni j b ila n ). В — m a g n it m a y d o n in d u k siy asi d eb a ta la d i, m a z m u n a n toMiq, e rk in v a b o g ‘la n g a n z a ry a d la rn in g m a y d o n in i ifo d a la y d i. M a g n it m a y d o n n in g to k la rg a t a ’siri t o ‘liq m a y d o n В b ila n a n iq lan ad i. V a k u u m d a , b o g ‘la n g a n z a ry a d la r b o ‘lm a g a n s o h a d a v a S G S b ir lik la r s is te m a s id a В = H boM adi. X a lq a ro b ir lik la r s is te m a s i S I d a m a g n i t k u c h la n g a n lik v a in d u k s iy a tu r li b i r lik la r d a oM- c h a n g a n i u c h u n u la r n in g b o g ‘la n is h i b o ‘s h liq d a q u y id a g ic h a y o z ila d i: В = f ^ H B o g M an g an z a r y a d la r e r k in z a r y a d la r n in g m a y d o n i H t a ’s irid a m a g n itla n ib , q o ‘s h im c h a m a g n it m a y d o n h o sil qilad i (b u n i b irin c h i boMib A m p e r o ‘rg a n g a n e d i), va m a y d o n in d u k siy a sig a h iss a q o 's h a d i. B ogM angan z a ry a d la r m a y d o n i k o ‘p h o lla r d a H g a m u ta n o s ib boM ib, toM iq m a y d o n n i q u y id a g ic h a y o z is h m u m k in : B irlik siz p a r a m e t r |.i — m u h itn in g m a g n it s in g d iru v c h a n lig i d e b a ta la d i. C h iz iq li b ogM anish b o M m ay d ig an h o lla r fe rro m a g n e tiz m o ‘rg a n ila y o tg a n d a a lo h id a k o ‘rib c h iq ila d i. M a y d o n in d u k s iy a s in in g u z lu k s iz lig in i q u y id a g i b ir - b ir ig a bogMiq ikki te n g la m a b ila n ifo d a la n is h i m u m k in : divB = 0, (1 7 .2 ) $ B d S = Q. ( 1 7 3 ^ s M a g n it m a y d o n H u y u rm a v iy boM gani u c h u n v e k to r m iq d o r rotH * 0, b u m a y d o n e rk in z a ry a d la r n in g to k la ri tu fay li v u ju d g a k e lg a n i u c h u n ro tH s h u to k la r n in g v e k to r x a r a k te ris tik a s i j b ila n bogM angan boM ishi k erak : rotH = j , (17.4) j> H di = I . (1 7 5 ) B u te n g la m a la r n in g d iffe re n s ia l v a in te g ra l if o d a la rin in g o ‘z a ro bogM an ishi G a u s s v a S to k s te o re m a la ri b ila n a n iq la n a d i, b u n d a y a lm a s h tiris h la r y u q o rid a 8 -§ d a h a m a m a lg a o s h irilg a n d i. S h u n d a y q ilib m a g n it m a y d o n in in g aso siy te n g la m a la r i m a y d o n n in g u z lu k siz x a ra k te ri b ila n va m a y d o n n in g m av ju d lig i to k la r b ila n bogMiq e k a n lig i b ila n k iritilm o q d a . K o ‘p c h ilik d a r s lik la r d a m a g n it m a y d o n n in g d a stla b k i fo r m u la s i s ifa tid a B io — S a v a r q o n u n i k e ltirila d i. B u n d a B io — S a v a r fo rm u la s id a g i m u ra k k a b v e k to r b o g M a n ish la rn in g s a b a b i, b u n d a y m u ra k k a b q o n u n q a n d a y k a s h f e tilg a n i q o r o n g ‘u boMib q o la d i. B u fo r m u la P u a s s o n te n g - la m a s in in g y e c h im i e k a n lig i a y tilm a y d i. U s h b u ris o la d a m a g n it m a y d o n te n g la m a la r i m a y d o n n in g u y u rm a v iy lik va u z lu k s iz lik x o ssa s id a n k e lib c h iq q a n h o ld a y o z ila r e k a n , y u q o rid a g i m a n tiq iy q iy in c h ilik la r boM m ay d i. (1 7 .3 ) te n g la m a m a g n it m a y d o n u c h u n G a u ss te o re m a s i d e b a ta la d i. (1 7 .5 ) esa toM iq to k q o n u n i d eb a ta la d i. B u te n g la m a la r d a n m a g n it m a y d o n x o s s a la r in i o 'r g a n is h u c h u n f o y d a la n a m iz . S h u kabi te n g la m a la r e le k tr m a y d o n x o ssalarin i o 'r g a n is h d a h a m foy dali h iz m a t k o ‘rsa tg a n e d i. 17.1. E lektr m aydon vektor xarakteristikalaridan olinadigan divD va rotE hosilalar qanday m a ’noga ega? div В va rotH hosilalar q anday m a’noga ega? Bu hosilalar nolga teng b o ‘lsa, qanday xulosa chiqarish m um kin? 17.2. (17.2) ten g lam ad an (17.3) tenglam ani, (17.3) ten g lam ad an (17.2) tenglam ani keltirib chiqaring. 17.3. (17.4) ten g lam ad an (17.5) tenglam ani, (17.5) ten g lam ad an (17.4) tenglam ani keltirib chiqaring. 17.4. d ivB va rotH hosilalar q anday hisoblanadi? 18-§. To‘Iiq tok qonuni Y u q o r id a k e ltirib c h iq a r ilg a n I m a g n e t i z m n i n g m u h i m te n g l a m a s i b o ‘lib , u n d a n b i r q a t o r n a tija la r o lin a d i. 0 ‘tk a z g ic h s im d a n y a sa lg a n k a tta u z u n lik d a g i R ra d iu sli s ilin d r b e rilg a n , u n d a g i to k k u c h i I b o ‘lsin . U s h b u s ilin d r n in g m a g n it m a y d o n in i t o 'l i q to k q o n u n i v o s ita s id a o 'r g a n a m iz . M a s a la s im m e triy a s ig a b in o a n m a g n it m a y d o n s ilin d rg a tik te k islik d a m a r k a z i s ilin d r o ‘q id a jo y la s h g a n k o n s e n trik a y la n a la r h o sil q ila d i, u la m i 1 7 .7 -ra s m d a k o 'r is h im iz m u m k in . M a y d o n yo‘nalishi o ‘n g p a rm a qoidasiga b o ‘ysu n ad i. silin d r tash q arisid a b iro n r ra d iu s li a y la n a b o 'y la b ф H d l in te g ra ln i h iso b la s a k , a y la n a n in g i b a rc h a n u q ta la rid a m a y d o n m o d u li d o im iy lig in i h iso b g a o lib , u sh b u natijaga k elam iz: j> ffd l = 2 n r H = / . (18.1) I B u n d a n m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig in i to p a m iz : H = I / 2 n r , (18.2) k u c h la n g a n lik ra d iu sg a te sk a ri m u ta n o s ib ek an . S i l i n d r n i n g ic h k i n u q t a l a r id a g i m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n l i g i h a m s h u y o ‘s i n d a h i s o b l a n a d i . F a q a t r < R b o M g a n id a i n t e g - r a lla s h c h iz ig M n in g i c h i d a n o ‘tu v c h i to k k u c h i k i c h i k r o q boM a d i. T o k k u c h in i to k z ic h lig i y o rd a m id a h iso b lay m iz : j = I / n R 2, l r = j n r 2 = I r 2 / R 2 U n d a : H = I r / 2 n r = Ir / 2 n R 2 (18.3) S h u n d a y q ilib , s ilin d r h a jm id a m a g n it m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i ra d iu s g a m u ta n o s ib e k a n . S ilin d r m a rk a z id a m a y d o n n o lg a te n g , sirtid a esa (18.2) y e c h im h a m , (18.3) y ech im lia m b ir h il H = 1 / 2 k R n a tija n i b e r a d i. M a y d o n n in g y o 'n a lis h i a y la n a b o ‘y lab y o ‘n a lg a n boMib, to k y o ‘n alish ig a h a m , ra d iu s ? ga h a m tik dir. T o k k u c h in in g y o ‘n a lis h in i ifo d a lo v c h i / v e k to rn i k iritsa k , # m a y d o n y o ‘n a - lis h in i m o d u li b irg a te n g boM gan I x r / r l v e k to r y o r d a m id a ifo - d a la s h m u m k in : H = ^ = - x ^ . 2n r IR 2 n R S ilin d r h a jm id a g i m a y d o n in d u k s iy a si В = / л ^ Н s ilin d r m a - te ria li m a g n it x o s s a la rig a (ц ) bogMiq. T a s h q i m a y d o n e sa k o ‘p h o lla rd a h a v o d a boMgani u c h u n m a y d o n induksiyasi В = / j 0H ta rz d a h is o b la n is h i m u m k in . T o M iq to k q o n u n i y o r d a m i d a t o r o i d m a g n i t m a y d o n i n i h is o b la y lik . T o r o id d o ira n i a y la n tiris h n a tija s id a h o s il b o M ad ig an fa z o v iy g e o m e tr ik fig u ra d ir (1 8 .1 - r a s m ) , u n in g a y la n a si u z u n lig i L boM sin. T o r o id g a /V c h u lg ‘a m o 'tk a z g ic h s im b ir te k is o 'r a l g a n , v a b u c h u l g 'a m l a r o rq a li / to k o q a y o tg a n boM sin. B u q u r ilm a n in g s im m e tr iy a s i s h u n d a y k i, m a g n it m a y d o n y o ‘n a lis h i f a q a t t o r o id fig u ra sig a p a r a lle l a y la n a la r b o ‘y la b y o ‘- n a lg a n bo M ad i, b ir o n a y la n a d a g i m a y d o n k u c h l a n g a n l i g i n i n g q iy m a ti a y la n a n i n g tu rli n u q t a l a r id a d o im iy d ir. B u a y la n a - la r d a g i m a g n it m a y d o n g a toM iq to k q o n u n i n i q o M la s h u c h u n q u l a y i m k o n i y a t y a r a ta d i: c£ H d l = (£ H dlcosd = H& dl = HL. T T T 18. 1-rasm. In te g ra lla sh a y la n a si to r o id m a rk a z id a g i tirq is h so h a s ig a t o ‘g ‘ri k elsa, a y la n a ic h id a g i to k k u c h i no l b o ‘lib, m a g n it m a y d o n h a m nolga tengdir. In teg rallash ay la n a si to ro id n in g h a jm id a b o ‘lsin. T o k li 0 ‘tk a z - g ic h b u a y la n a ic h id a n TV m a r ta o ‘ta d i, a y la n a ic h id a n o 'ta y o tg a n to ‘liq tok kuchi N I ga teng. U n d a to 'liq to k q o n u n ig a k o ‘ra: HL = N I, H = ( N / L ) I = n i. (18.4) B u y e rd a n = N / L — to ro id d a g i c h u lg ‘a m la r z ic h lig i. I n te g r a lla s h c h i z i g ‘i t o r o i d d a n t a s h q a r id a b o ‘ls in . T o k li o ‘tk a z g ic h la r a y la n a te k islig in i 2N m a rta k esib o ‘ta d i, u la r d a n N m a rta sid a to k tek islik n i b ir y o 'n a lis h d a kesib o ‘ts a , q o lg a n /V m a r- ta sid a to k teskari y o 'n a lis h d a kesib o ‘ta d i, a y la n a ic h id a n o ‘ta y o tg a n t o ‘liq to k n o lg a te n g d ir. T o ‘liq to k b ila n b irg a ta sh q i n u q ta la rd a g i m a g n it m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i h a m n o lg a ten g boM adi. S h u n d a y q ilib to r o id m a g n it m a y d o n i u n in g h a jm id a m u ja s - s a m la n g a n boM ar e k a n . T o r o id n in g b u x o ssasi k o n d e n s a to r la r e le k tr m a y d o n i u la m in g h a jm id a m u ja s s a m la n g a n lig ig a o ‘x s h a r e k a n . T o ro id h a jm id a g i m a g n it in d u k siy a В = n № l (1 8 .5 ) to ro id y a sa lg a n m a te ria l m a g n it x o s s a la rig a (ц ) bogMiq boM adi. T o ro id u z u n lig i k a tta boM sin. U n in g b ir q is m in i q irq ib o lsak , tokli g 'a lta k — >sol$noidn o m li q u rilm a h o sil boM adi. S o le n o id n in g m a g n it m a y d o n i 17.2- ra sm d a m a g n it q ip iq la r y o rd a m id a n a m o y ish etilgan. S o le n o id n in g m a g n it m ay d o n i u n in g ichki va tash q i so h asid a boM adi va c h iz iq li m a g n it m a y d o n ig a o ‘x s h a y d i. A y rim ta q rib iy h is o b la rd a u n in g ich k i m a y d o n in i (1 8 .4 )— (1 8 .5 ) fo r m u la la r b ila n h is o b la s h m u m k in . A niqrogM , s o le n o id ic h k i m a y d o n i b u f o r m u la la r b erg an q iy m a td a n k ic h ik ro q boMadi. J u m la d a n u z u n so le n o id u ch id ag i m ay d o n to ro id m a y d o n id a n ikki m arta kichik boMadi (n im a u c h u n ? ) . 1 0 -§ d a in te g r a l te n g la m a l a r d a n f o y d a la n ib , i k k i m u h i t c h e g a r a s id a e l e k t r m a y d o n q a n d a y o ‘z g a r is h i 0 ‘r g a n iI g a n , cf DdS = Q te n g la m a d a n D]n = Dlr + a c h e g a ra v iy s h a r t k e ltirib 5 c h iq a r ilg a n e d i. M a g n it m a y d o n in d u k s iy a s i u c h u n ф B d S = 0 5 te n g la m a o ‘rin li e k a n , ikki m u h it c h e g a ra s id a g i m a g n it i n d u k s iy a n in g n o r m a l ta s h k il e tu v c h is i u c h u n Bln = B2n, ( 1 8 .6 ) n a tija g a e ris h a m iz . M a g n it m a y d o n k u c h la n g a n lig i u c h u n b u n d a n q u y id a g i c h e g a ra v iy s h a r t kelib c h iq a d i: MlH [n = M2H 2n. (18.7) Y u q o rid a e le k tr m a y d o n sirk u ly atsiy asi u c h u n E d i = 0 te n g - / la m a d a n m a y d o n n in g ikki m u h it c h e g a ra s ig a p a ra lle l ( ta n g e n s ia l r h a r fi b ila n b e lg ila n g a n ) ta s h k il e tu v c h is i u c h u n E u = E lr c h e g a ra v iy s h a r t k e ltirib c h iq a rilg a n edi. M a g n it m a y d o n k u c h la n g an lig i sirk u ly atsiy asi u c h u n <£ Hdl = / te n g la m a d a n fo y d a la n a m iz . i B u te n g la m a n in g c h a p ta ra fi ( H lT - H 2z)l ifo d a g a o lib k e la d i. T e n g la m a n in g o ‘ng to m o n i t o ‘rtb u r c h a k ic h id a n o ‘ta d ig a n s irt to k la rin i b ild ira d i. S ir tto k la r in i sirt z a ry a d la ri h osil q ila d i, b u n d a y to k A / m b irlik d a o M chanib, to k n in g u m u m iy k u c h i to k o ‘tish s o h a s in in g k e n g lig ig a m u ta n o s ib b o ‘la d i. T o k la rn in g y o 'n a lis h in i h iso b g a o lg a n d a to k k u ch i i j Download 48 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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