= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

7.2. The Conditional mood
Probably the only thing linguists are unanimous about with regard to the conditional mood is that it represents action as a "non-fact", as something imaginary, desirable, problematic, contrary to reality.
In modern Ukrainian the conditional mood is formed analytically by the way of adding the particle би (after the vocal 6) to the form of the past tense or the infinitive of the conjugated verb читав би, прочитала б, погуляти б. This particle is written separately from the verb, it can easily move in the sentence, being placed either before the verb or after it, or can be separated from the verb by other words (em би еже давно прийшов). With some conjunctions it is joined into one word, e.g.: щоб, якби, начебто, мовби and others.
The characteristic feature of the whole analytical form of the conditional mood in Ukrainian is its atemporal (позачасовий) meaning. The form писав би can be easily referred to any time (the present, past or future), being joined with any adverb of time: съогодш, завтра, зараз, учора.
Besides the forms with the particle би in Ukrainian there is also used the peculiar form of the conditional mood with the particle бодай
with the meaning of the wish of great intensity (побажання великоУ iHTeHCHBHOCTi): Бодай ей терном поросли ... (Т. Шевченко).
Unlike this very distinct and simple system of forms of the conditional mood, in modern English language this system is a very complex one.
Meanings of the conditional and unreal action are rendered in English by the following verb forms:

1. 
   the outdated synthetic forms: be, were, have {take and other forms of the third person without the ending -s);
   
2. 
   forms of the indicative mood - the past tense of the common aspect (Past Indefinite) and Past Perfect that in certain syntactical conditions acquire the meaning of the unreal action;
   
3. 
   analytical forms of the conditional mood, built by using the auxiliary verbs should and would and different forms of the infinitive of notional verbs;
   
4. 
   combinations of modal verbs may (might), can (could) with infinitives of notional verbs, which acquire the meaning of the unreal action depending on the type of the sentence. But in these combinations modal verbs do not lose completely their lexical meaning as it happened with should and would that have acquired a totally grammatical meaning.
   

Synthetic forms of the conditional mood in English are outdated ones, and are used mainly in writing, whereas analytical forms are spread in all spheres of the language use.
The conditional mood is the category which is closely connected with the structure of the complex sentence (складно-пщрядне речения). In all its usages it is a direct dependence on the type of the sentence in which it is used. Though this peculiarity is characteristic of both languages, it is revealed much more distinctly in English wherein even the form of the conditional mood is determined by the type of the sentence, in which it is used. Since the form cooperates with its meaning then this or that shade of mood is caused by these syntactic conditions in which this form is used. A vivid example of this are analytical forms of the conditional mood "should/would + infinitive" that in certain types of sentences can be used as the forms of "Future-in-the-Past", as well as "were" and forms

164
165

Past Indefinite or Past Perfect, which in certain syntactic conditions are the forms of Indicative mood, and in others - forms of the conditional mood.
So attachment to a certain type of a sentence is the characteristic feature of the forms of the conditional mood of modern English language.
Unlike Ukrainian, the English conditional mood can express the category of tense: analytical forms should/would + Indefinite Infinitive and the form of the past time (Past Indefinite), used with the meaning of the unreal action, point towards the action that could happen in the present or future. Analytical forms should/would + Perfect infinitive and Past Perfect, used with the meaning of the unreal action, serve to denote the action that could happen in the past.
In both languages forms of the conditional mood have the category of state, compare: були б запрошеш, be done/ were done, should be done, as well as the category of aspect, e.g.: читав би, прочитав би, should be going.
It is interesting to note that a big role in the system of conditional mood in both contrasted languages is played by forms of the past tense. It doesn't happen by chance since it is explained by the near character of the past and the unreal. Even O.O. Potebnja pointed out that the common feature of the past tense and "ideal" moods is the fact that in both cases the action is not available in reality, and we render events that do not exist at the moment of speaking. That is why in many languages forms of the conditional mood are built on the basis of the past tense [5; 93-96].
Summing up all the above mentioned information let us consider the use of the verb grammemes in speech. When used in speech a word has but one of its lexical meanings and all of its grammatical meanings. Thus, in the sentence He writes to me every week, the verb writes conveys only one of its lexical meanings ("communicates in writing"), whereas it has seven elementary grammatical meanings: 1) active voice; 2) non-perfect order; 3) non-continuous aspect; 4) present tense; 5) indicative mood; 6) third person; 7) singular number.
Since each of these elementary meanings can be singled out in a certain opposeme, the entire grammatical meaning of a grammeme as a unit of language must be regarded as the sum of its elementary gramma­tical meanings (present tense + active voice + indicative mood, etc.)
When used in speech, however, in diverse speech situations, in various lexical and syntactical surroundings, with verbs of different lexical meanings, a grammeme may acquire some complex meaning which cannot be directly inferred from the meanings of its constituents. In other words, the entire meaning of a grammeme in speech is often not equal to the sum of its elementary meanings and we may speak, in some sense, of idiomatic meanings of grammemes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the meanings of grammemes not only as units of language but as units of speech as well.
For example, in most cases imperative mood grammemes in speech serve to present order, command, request, etc. as a direct expression of the speaker's will. In certain surroundings, however, mostly in the first clause of a compound sentence or when used parenthetically, they can express condition the consequence of which is stated in the same sentence, e.g.:
Do it again and you will find it much easier.
This event, only try to see it in its true light, will show you who is at the bottom of all this [24; 157, 182-183].