= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73


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Bog'liq
knizhka Karamisheva

Apparently, they were fully prepared for the coming of visitors.


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But sometimes it may be connected with a part of a sentence only, e.g.:
We worked that land for maybe a hundred years [24; 202-204]. In Ukrainian modal words are not viewed as a separate part of speech by some linguists. For example, in the book "Modern Ukrainian language", edited by O.D. Ponomariv modal words are considered not as a phenomenon of morphology but a phenomenon of syntax. Thus, O.D. Ponomariv distinguishes parenthetic constructions (вставш конструющ) which are subdivided into three kinds-parenthetic words, word combinations and sentences. According to O.D. Ponomariv the role of parenthetic words is often performed by modal words (мабутъ, певно, безперечно, безсумшвно, etc.). The majority of them correlate with adverbs (звичайно, нарештг, власне iMoeipno, взагалг, навпаки, etc.). Very often the role of parenthetic words is performed by adverbs (по-моему, no-перше, зрештою, наприклад, без сумтву, etc.) [15; 297-298].
What is in common concerning English and Ukrainian modal words is the fact that the majority of modal words has developed from the adverbs of manner and has retained their formal characteristics -in English the suffix -ly, in Ukrainian - the ending -o. Some of them have been formed by the way of legalization of word combinations for example: of course, indeed; на щастя, на нещастя, без сумтву and others.
Among the modal words in Ukrainian there are words of the verbal origin: здаетъся, кажутъ, тоже, розумгеться and others. In English there are very few modal words that have developed from verbs, compare: maybe [5; 108].
5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
Interjections are words that express but do not name feelings and will-determination of the speaking person (це слова, яга виражають, але не називають почутгя i волевиявлення того, хто говорить).
The interjection is a part of speech characterized by the following features in English and Ukrainian:

  1. It expresses emotions or will without naming them.

  2. It has no grammatical categories, no stem-building elements of its own and practically negative combinability.

3. It functions as a sentence-word or as a parenthetical element.
Interjections, like other parts of speech, may be simple (hallo!,
come!, dear!), derivative (goodness!), and composite (hang it!, dear me!) [24; 205-206].
According to their structure interjections in both languages are divided into:

  1. Primary (первиннч), e.g. in English: ah!, eh!, hey!, hi!, hallo!, hush!, hem! and others and in Ukrainian: а!, о!, И, у!, е!, гей, ой!, ох!, на!, ну!, ого! and others (primary (первишй) are common for all Slavonic languages (a!, ol, ax!, ox!, ого!) [15; 217-218]).

  2. Secondary (вторинш) that have originated from notional parts of speech or from word combinations that have lost the function of naming and have been transformed into expressers of feelings and will-determination, for example: in English there!, come!, well!, why!, Dear me!; in Ukrainian год/7, шабаш!, цить! Добридень!

According to their meaning interjections in both languages are subdivided into the following groups:
1) emotional, e.g.: oh!, ah!, hurrah!, bosh!, alas!; ax!, au!. yx!,
а!, ура! ой лишенъко! горенько мое!

and others. Some of them are polysemantic, for example, the Ukrainian ex! can express reproach, sadness or delight.

  1. imperative, which render the inducement towards the action, some kind of appeal or will-determination, e.g.: hush!, well!, hallo!, ahoy!, come come!; год/7, доситъ!, гетъ!, цить! and others;

  2. expressing greetings and other expressive interjections, e.g.: hallo!, good-bye!, how do you do!, thanks, please; добридень, спасибг, до побачення, прошу, пробачте, дякую and others;

4) sound-imitating, e.g.: cock-a-doodle-doo, bang, miaow;
кукуржу, гав-гав, дтъ, бац, хлюп.

A peculiar feature of Ukrainian interjections гетъ! and цить! is their ability to build the forms of the imperative mood of the second person plural: цитъте, гетъте.


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In both languages interjections, especially primary ones, serve as a basis to form other notional parts of speech, especially verbs. In Ukrainian the suffixation is used for this purpose, e.g.: oxamu, axamu, ухати, ойкати, шабашити, гавкати, in English the conversion is used: hush (мовчати, мовчання), to pshaw (виявляти зневагу), to pooh-pooh (ставитися зневажливо до чогось), to shoo (проганяти), to halloa (вгтатися) [5; 108-109].

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