1. linguistic typology

LECTURE – 4.GENETIC, GENEALOGICAL TYPOLOGY
PLAN
1. GENEALOGICAL TYPOLOGY.
2. GENEALOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.
3. IRANIAN.
4. ARMENIAN.
5. ALBANIAN.
6. BALTO SLAVIC.
7. THE SLAVIC LANGUAGE FAMILY.
8. THE GERMANIC, ROMAN AND CELTIC LANGUAGES FAMILY..
1. GENEALOGICAL TYPOLOGY
Genealogical typology is a branch of linguistic typology which studies the simi­larities and diversities of related languages. Genealogical typology developed from the Comparative-Historical linguistics which dominated during the 19th century in Europe. It started with the works of Jacob Grimm, Franz Bopp, Rasmus Rask, Alexander Vostokov, V.M.Jirmunskiy, etc.
Its origin was stipulated by discovery of Sanskrit, the ancient classical language of India. The discovery of Sanskrit disclosed the possibility of a comparative study of languages. The concept of relative languages was confirmed by the existence in India of a sisterhood of familiar European languages:
e.g. Sanskrit «mata» means «mother», in the accusative case «matarum»
Dvau-two, Trayah - three, etc.
Before the discovery of Sanskrit European linguistics possessed a very vague vi­sion of the origin of languages and similarities observed among European languages as the current grammars of that time were built on the Greek model. They didn't set clearly the features of each language. It is worth to mention that at the same time discovery of Sanskrit brought a certain confusion to the notions of linguistic rela­tions. But later it gave way to the correct explanation, namely Latin, Greek and other European languages go back to the same pre-historical language, Sanskrit. Genetic Typology compares the systems of languages in two ways: diachroni-cally and synchronically.
Comparison of languages gave grounds for the two kinds of classification of lan­guages – genealogical and morphological/structural.
Traditional Comparative Historical Linguistics studied material units of langua­ges: sounds, affixes, words in their dynamics and dealt with reconstruction of selec­ted units in compared languages.
Genetic typology has the following distinctive features:

1. 
   genetic limitation of compared languages;
   
2. 
   system identity in closely related languages;
   
3. 
   closed list of compared languages;
   
4. 
   areal non-limitation;
   
5. 
   etic/emic identity of compared languages;
   
6. 
   deep and surface identity of compared languages;
   
7. 
   one level approach to comparison; h) limited etalon language;
   
8. 
   i) possibility of a complete typological operation.