60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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· ) the problem was not solved but there are some reasonable considerations in the draft or in the clean copy; (∓) the problem was solved incompletely but the approach is correct; (±) the problem was not solved completely; + (−) the problem was solved but the solution contains small omissions or defects; (+) the problem was solved completely; (!) the solution contains unexpected (and sometimes even unforeseen by the organizing committee) bright ideas. Other marks are also used sometimes (e.g., 1/2, ε, etc.). It should be noted that the mark (!) does not mean that the problem was solved. For example, there are often marks −!, ·!, ∓!, etc. However, even (–!) increases considerably the chance to get a prize. Everything is taken into account when prizes are awarded, including the correctness of a solution, the clearness of the mathematical thought, originality of the solution, the completeness and fullness of the investigation, the nature of the description of fine points, etc. However, the handwriting and the tidiness in the arrangement of the material, as well as the general appearance of a paper are never considered, unlike the regular procedure in a usual school. The greatest importance is attached to non-standard reasoning, unexpected solutions, and the original interpretation of the conditions of a problem. H.14. Anecdotes from the history of Moscow Mathematical Olympiads 1 . Olympiad is a great event for schoolchildren who are interested in mathematics. The faculty members and the students at the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow University are barely able to cope with the multitude of questions fired at them by excited teenagers and sometimes by no less excited teachers: “When will lectures be provided for participants in the Olympiad?” “Are any consultations planned?” “Is it only for the best pupils or for all?” “Where can we get problems for practicing and how many of them suffice to be solved?” “Will a boy be permitted to participate if he is only from the 6-th grade?” “Can we bring textbooks with us?” The stream of similar questions never stops. • The desire to be as objective as possible and the great awareness of the organizing committee members of their duty sometimes resulted in curious situations. Consider just one such case. At the 21st Olympiad, a paper by Misha Khazen who had solved four problems out of five was nominated for the first prize. Unfortunately for him, Lida Khazen, Misha’s sister, was a member of the organizing committee. She stated with assurance that Misha had known a solution of one problem before the Olympiad (although he solved it himself), that he was not going to apply to the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics anyway, and so he should not be awarded the first prize. The members of the organizing committee spent a lot of time trying to prove to Lida that the inclusion of a known problem into the Olympiad was the fault of the organizers but not Misha’s, that the accidental relationship of Misha with one of the organizing committee members allowing them to learn what he knew and what he did not know put him in more difficult conditions as compared with the others, that the question of entering the University was of no importance, that, in general, they discussed the paper but not its author, and so on. Nothing helped. The poor girl was on the verge of crying and only the democratic procedure of voting (perhaps an hour or an hour and half after the debate has started!) made Lida agree. • For a long while it was a custom to include in the final list of problems the one whose answer is the year of the current Olympiad. The following solution of one of the participants of the 33-rd Olympiad put an end to it: “At every Olympiad there was a problem whose answer was the year the Olympiad was held. In this Olympiad the problem I am solving is the only such problem. By the induction, the answer: 1970”. (Cf. Problem 33.2.7.4.) H.15. Who did what (very incomplete). Several generations of outstanding mathematicians have worked on the main material of this book — the problems — and some of the problems are really nice. To find the authors of most of the problems is impossible. Besides, part of interesting problems are results of brainstorms held at the meetings of the organizing committee, and so they have a collective author. However, the most beautiful (in our opinion) and original problems were devised by individual authors and we are sorry that can not mention all of them. Such problems were widely spread first among the organizing committee, and, after the olympiad, became a mathematical folklore. Experts recognize them at once by their nicknames. Here are some authors of such problems (this list is incomplete in every sense; we hope that the authors not mentioned will not be offended): N. N. Konstantinov: 17.2.7.5 (Triangular City) and 23.2.8.4 (Snail); S. A. Eliseev: 38.2.9.5 (Non-convex Cutting); D. B. Fuchs: 24.1.8.2 (Scalar Product), 27.2.11.5 and 31.2.9.2 (Fuchs’ Arcs); G. A. Galperin: 33.2.7.6, 34.2.7.5, 38.2.10.4, 1 Some of these stories might sound strange for the Westerner, more used (and sometimes prone) to esteem the law. HISTORICAL REMARKS 187 33.2.7.6 (Courtiers of King Louis), 38.2.7-10.1 (The 2s, 3s and 4s), 39.2.9.5 (Nickels) and 48.9.2 (The Airfields); S. B. Gashkov: 46.10.3 (The Turing Machine), 48.7.4 (Wolves and a Hare) and 48.10.3 (Complexity); B. D. Ginzburg: 23.2.9.3 (Knight’s Way); A. I. Gruntal: 36.1.10.4 (The Polyhedron); V. Gurvich (a complete graph); V. G. Kac: 30.2.9.5 (A King of Spain); M. P. Kovtun: 34.10.5 (Matches); A. V. Klimov: 37.2.10.3 (Asteroids); S. V. Konyagin: 42.8-10.5 (Chemists & Alchemists); A. G. Kushnirenko: 33.2.10.1 (The Orange); O. V. Lyashko: 35.2.7.4 (The Knight-Errand); A. P. Savin: 33.1.9.1 (Extreme Kings); I. N. Sergeev: 48.8.4(Uncle Chernomor 2 ); A. S. Shvarts: 24.2.9.2 (Shvarts’ Matrix); A. C. Tolpygo: 30.2.7.3 (q · 2 1000 ), 30.2.8.5 (moovies), 31.1.9.4 (telephones), 32.2.7.3 (a trickster) and 32.2.10.1 (wizards); A. L. Toom: 35.1.9.3 (The Forest); N. B. Vasilyev: 25.2.10.4 (The Box) and 26.2.8.5 (Gentlemen); A. V. Zelevinsky: 34.2.10.3 (Banker and Gambler). One of the problems of the Pythagorus’ Day (33.D.7.5), as it turned out, suddenly became quite popular outside the USSR. “Mathematical Gardner” [Kl] contains its generalization for the case of a “many-handed Ali-Baba” given in the section entitled “Entertaining Table-Turning”. It said there that the problem visited first the pages of Scientific American in 1979, where it was published by Martin Gardner, a famous popularizer of mathematics, well-known to Soviet readers from a number of books and articles (see refs. [G1]–[G14]). However, Gardner admitted that he had got this problem from “Robert Tappey who believed that the problem had come to us from the Soviet Union.” ([Kl]). Thus, Problem 33.D.7.5 has come a long way before returning home (anonymously), albeit in a generalized form. The authors of the latest Olympiads, held in the copyright era, were mentioned explicitely on various liflets issued on the occasion, so we dutifully reproduce the information. The list of authors is easy to extend but almost impossible to complete (let alone the fact that the above mentioned authors suggested far more problems from this book than we mentioned); some authors donated many problems without bothering for stacke claim (like Joseph Bernstein, who in his time solved all problems offered in Olympiads he participated). We apologize to all authors of problems for Moscow Mathematical Olympiads who are not mentioned. 2 The Russian reformulation after a fairy-tale hero. |
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