60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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A j by h ij . Prove that h 12 · h 34 = h 14 · h 23 . OLYMPIAD 47 (1984) 123 Figure 90. (Probl. 46.8.2) Grade 9 46.9.1. Prove that 1 2 < x 2n ± x 2n−1 + x 2n−2 ± x 2n−3 + · · · + x 4 ± x 3 + x 2 ± x + 1 for any signs of odd powers of a real x. 46.9.2. Three circles of radii 3, 4, 5 are externally tangent to one another. The common tangent to the first two circles is drawn through the point at which they are tangent to each other. Find the length of this tangent contained inside the circle of radius 5. 46.9.3. Prove that 1 1983 + 2 1983 + · · · + 1983 1983 is divisible by 1 + · · · + 1983. 46.9.4. Twenty towns are connected by 172 airlines; not more than one airline connects two towns. Prove that using these airlines one can fly from any town to any other (perhaps changing lines). Grade 10 46.10.1. Let A 1 , B 1 , C 1 be the points where the circle inscribed into triangle ABC is tangent to sides BC, AC and AB, respectively. It is known that AA 1 = BB 1 = CC 1 . Prove that triangle ABC is equilateral. 46.10.2. Prove that 4 m − 4 n .. . 3 k+1 if and only if m − n .. . 3 k , where a) k = 1, 2, 3; b) k ∈ N . 46.10.3. After classes, the following inscription was left on a blackboard (instead of the erased numbers we write ∗ ∗ ∗ in this book): “Find t(0) − t ³ π 5 ´ + t ³ 2π 5 ´ − t ³ 3π 5 ´ + · · · + t ³ 8π 5 ´ − t ³ 9π 5 ´ , (∗) where t(x) = cos 5x + ∗ ∗ ∗ cos 4x + ∗ ∗ ∗ cos 3x + ∗ ∗ ∗ cos 2x + ∗ ∗ ∗ cos x + ∗ ∗ ∗ cos 0 (∗∗)” A student told his girlfriend that he could find the sum (∗) even without knowing the coefficients erased from the blackboard in (∗∗). Is he just boasting? 46.10.4. Consider eight points in space such that no four of them lie on the same plane, and 17 segments with both endpoints in given points. Prove that the segments form a) at least one triangle; b)* ≥ 4 triangles. 46.10.5. 13 knights from k towns (1 < k < 13) are sitting at a round table. Every knight holds a gold or a silver goblet in his hand, and the number of gold goblets is also equal to k. Prince tells every knight to pass his goblet to the neighbor on his right and to repeat this until a pair of knights from the same town gets golden goblets. Prove that eventually Prince’s wish will be fulfilled and the knights will be able to pass to refreshments. Olympiad 47 (1984) Grade 7 47.7.1. Some people call a bus ticket lucky if the sum of digits in its number is divisible by 7. Is it possible for two tickets with consecutive numbers to be lucky? 124 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 Note. In 1984 bus tickets in Moscow were numbered 000000 to 999999. 47.7.2. Paths in a zoo form an equilateral triangle with the midpoints of its sides connected. A monkey has run away from its cage and two guards are trying to catch it. Can they catch the monkey if all three run only along the paths, the speed of the monkey and that of the guards are equal and they all can see one another at all times? (Cf. Problem 33.2.8.2). 47.7.3. A customer bought some goods worth 10 roubles and gave a 25-rouble note to the salesman. The salesman did not have change at the moment and so he asked his neighbor to change the note. After they got even and the customer had gone, the neighbor discovered that the note was counterfeit. The salesman returned 25 roubles to his neighbor and pondered: how much money did he lose? Same question to you. 47.7.4. A parallelogram is cut out of a paper triangle. Prove that the area of the parallelogram is not greater than half the area of the triangle. (See Fig. 91.) Figure 91. (Probl. 47.7.4) 47.7.5. There are 10 rooks and a king on a 20 × 20 chessboard. The king is not in check and moves along the diagonal from the lower left corner to the upper right corner. The pieces move taking turns as follows: first the king, then one of the rooks. Prove that no matter what the initial position of the rooks is or how they move, the king will either be in check or bump into a rook. Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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