60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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, ∠D = 150 ◦ . 16. A) ?? B) 7 points can be arranged in the way required but 8 points can not. 18. This set is finite. 29. There are two cases depicted on Fig. 103: in case b) S 1 = S 2 = S 3 = 1 6 , S 4 = 1 2 ; in case c) S 1 = S 2 = S 3 = √ 5 − 1 4 , S 4 = 7 − 3 √ 5 4 . Figure 103. (Answ. A29) 36. 313. 38. No, this is not always possible. 42. Any odd number between 1 and 1973. 46. No. 49. Yes. 51. No, such n does not exist. 56. h n 2 i ; for an example see Fig. 104. 57. No. 62. No, see Fig. 105. 65. For any n. 67. Yes. 158 SELECTED PROBLEMS Figure 104. (Answ. A56) Figure 105. (Answ. A62) 68. Yes, it is possible, see Fig. 106. The three persons should change their respective coordinates in the following manner: a) 2 −→ 1002 (visible from 0); b) 0 −→ 0.5; c) 1 −→ 1001 (not visible from 0.5); d) 0.5 −→ 1000 (visible from 1002, not visible from 1001). Figure 106. (Answ. A68) 73. Certainly. 77. No. 78. Yes. 80. (k + 1)n boxes. 84. The number of locks is ¡ 11 5 ¢ = 462 and the number of keys for each member of the organizing committee is ¡ 10 5 ¢ = 252. 88. Any n ≥ 3. 92. 2 n−2 . 93. Yes; an example is shown in Table: I II III Total Score I XXXXX +1 =6 −0 +2 =3 −2 +3 =9 −2 15 II +0 =6 −1 XXXXX +4 =0 −3 +4 =6 −4 14 III +2 =3 −2 +3 =0 −4 XXXXX +5 =3 −6 13 95. Infinitely many. 98. Yes. SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 159 Solutions to selected problems of Moscow mathematical circles 1. The given number is “built” of numbers 1 to 999999. The sum of digits, as well as the number of digits 7, does not vary if we insert several zeroes, say, as follows : 000000 000001 000002 . . . 999999. Now, it is clear that we have written 6·10 6 digits which constitute all possible combinations of 6 digits. Therefore, all digits are encountered the same number of times, namely (6 · 10 6 )710. this immediately implies the answer. 3. If ¡√ 2 ¢ √ 2 is rational, take y = x = √ 2. Otherwise take x = ¡√ 2 ¢ √ 2 , y = √ 2, then x y = µ ¡√ 2 ¢ √ 2 ¶ √ 2 = ¡√ 2 ¢ 2 = 2. 4. Let all vertices be labelled by 1; then the sum equals 14. By changing the number at a vertex we change three more numbers (on thre adjacent faces), so the sum diminishes by 8 and becomes 6. Now, let us change the numbers at one more vertex. Again, this induces a simultaneous change of 3 more numbers and one easily seas that the sum differs by ±8, ±4 or 0. Namely, if four 1’s turn into −1’s, then the sum diminishes by 8; if three 1’s and one −1 change, the sum diminishes by 4, and so on. Therefore, the sum may differ from 14 by a multiple of −4, i.e., it can be 10, 6, 2, −2, ... So the sum can not be equal to 0 or 7. 5. In this problem it is tacitly assumed that a star and an observation post are just points. Observe that the answer for the 3-dimensional space differs from that for the 2-dimensional space (plane): Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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