60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
n
√ n + 1 = n q 2 1 · 3 2 · 4 3 · . . . · n + 1 n < 1 n ³ 2 1 + 3 2 + . . . + n + 1 n ´ . Find on your own a similar inequality for the right side of the problem. 52. Prove first that the centers of both polygons coincide. 54. The cyclist should act as follows: First, (s)he should divide the square 10 × 10 into 4 squares with the midlines and find out which of the squares thus obtained contains the city block (s)he is looking for (assuming that the numbers of adjacent blocks differ by 1); then divide this quarter of the square in a similar way and select the 16-th part (2-nd order square) which contains the block (s)he wants, etc., see Fig. 100. To evaluate in each particular case the longest path the cyclist takes requires to sum the number of stages to the appropriate square of the highest order. The first stage takes 25 km (or a bit more if n is odd); each next stage takes one half of the preceding one. 56. Prove that of two neighboring vertices, only one can satisfy the condition of the problem. 57. First, prove that if not all numbers are equal and m is the smallest of them (it may occur not once but many, even an infinite, number of times) then eventually all numbers on any segment of finite length become greater than m. 58. Let us write 1 on each white cube and −1 on each black cube. The painter’s performance is an operation that replaces every number by the product of its neighboring ones. It is easy to deduce that it suffices to consider the case of one black and 26 white cubes; the general case is obtained from this one by the above “multiplication”. It remains to consider 4 variants (deal with them on your own): when the black cube is in the corner; on the edge; in the center on the face; in the center of the cube. 59. Consider the function f (X) = P ¡ 1 − |A i X| 2 ¢ , where the sum runs over the terms with A i contained in the ball of radius 1 centered at X. Prove that the value of f increases when we replace X with the center of mass of A i ’s. 60. Prove by induction on n that any set can be reduced by the described operations to any of the following two forms: 000...00 or 000...01. 61. First, notice that the center O 4 of the circle tangent to the given circles with centers at O 1 , O 2 , O 3 is the same as that of the circle circumscribed about triangle O 1 O 2 O 3 and their radii differ by the radius of one of the given circles, O 1 , O 2 , or O 3 . The intersection point of the bisectors of 4ABC is the same as that of 4O 1 O 2 O 3 (the latter are continuations of the former), i.e., point O is the center of the circles inscribed into 4ABC and 4O 1 O 2 O 3 . At the same time, O is the center of a homothety for the homothetic triangles 4ABC and 4O 1 O 2 O 3 (since AB k O 1 O 2 , BC k O 2 O 3 , AC k O 1 O 3 ). HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 155 Figure 100. (Hint A54) Figure 101. (Hint A56) Let point O Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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