60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
two observation points are enough for the former and three for the latter.
a) Since one observation point is obviously insufficient, choose point A at random and consider all rays, starting from A, on which lie all stars visible from A. (“Consider all . . . ” means “plot the rays and indicate their position in space relative to a preselected system of coordinates”.) Now, consider all possible planes π 1 , π 2 , . . . , drawn through each pair of the rays. Let B be an arbitrary point that does not belong to any of the planes π 1 , π 2 , . . . . Let us prove that B is the required observation post since ALL stars in the sky can be seen from there, i.e., the stars visible from B do not hide behind each other. Indeed, all stars lie on straight lines that connect pairs of stars. Thus, all stars are in planes π 1 , π 2 , . . . . Since point B does not belong to any of these planes by construction, B does not belong to any of the lines connecting the stars. But the stars can hide behind each other only from an observer located on these lines. Thus, two posts suffice. b) The reasoning in a) does not apply since there is no point B outside the plane. Two observation posts are not enough because for any chosen observation post B stars may happen to be on a ray coming from point B and crossing the rays coming from the first point, A, to the stars; their intersection points may happen to be stars. So, select at random two points A and B from which not all stars may be visible. But all stars are sure to lie at some of the points where rays connecting A with stars intersect the rays connecting B with stars. It remains to draw all possible lines through all pairs of the intersection points of the two bunches of rays with vertices at A and B, respectively, and to select a point, C, not belonging to either of these lines or any of the rays from the bunches starting from A or B. As is clear from this construction, the point C is the desired one. 6. Proof: by induction. If there is only one car, there is nothing to prove. Suppose the statement is already proved for n − 1 cars and consider n cars. Clearly, at least one of the cars (call it A) has enough gas to drive to the next car, B. Remove B from the road and add its petrol to A. Now there are n − 1 cars on the road with the same quantity of gas and by the inductive hypothesis there exists a car C which can run the whole length of the road. Notice that the same car C can run the whole length of the road also in the initial situation when car B is present on the road. 7. For x = 3 there are no solutions, since the left hand side is equal to 122 which is not a perfect square. Let us show that for x > 4 there are no solutions either. Observe that to find the minimal positive value of z = R 2 − t 2 for a fixed R and variable integer t, one has to look at the graph of this function to deduce that the minimum is attained at t = R − 1. Let us now rewrite the equation in the form (x 2 + x) 2 − y 2 = 11(x − 1). (∗) By the observation above, the left hand side of (∗) takes the least positive values for a fixed x if y = (x 2 +x)−1. But then it is equal to 2x 2 + 2x − 1 which is greater than 11(x − 1) for x > 4 as is easy to verify by setting |
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