60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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2 , . . . , M n . If not the whole plane is illuminated we will construct another, “improved”, ar- rangement of the searchlights, the “quality” of the arrangement being evaluated with a numerical function f . Since the number of the arrangements of searchlights over the points M 1 , M 2 , . . . , M n is finite, we will automatically light up the entire plane by taking the arrangement for which the value of f is maximal. Indeed, if not the whole plane were illuminated in this case we could still improve the arrangement: contradiction. Figure 108. (Sol. A14) Let us start carrying out this plan. Let us transport all searchlights to one point O and draw a convex n-gon A 1 A 2 . . . A n whose sides are lighted up by the searchlights 1 , see Fig. 108; let ∠A i OA i+1 = α i , i = 1, . . . , n. Drop the perpendiculars OH i from O to the sides of the polygon or to their extensions. Let |OH i | = h i . Consider the vectors ~e i = 1 h 2 i · OH i −−→ for i = 1, . . . , n. Clearly, |~e i | = 1 h i , see Fig. 108 b). Let us attach each vector ~e i to its respective searchlight α i . Then the arrangement of the searchlights over the points M 1 , . . . , M n corresponds to the distribution of the vectors ~e i , . . . , ~e n over these points (we arrange the searchlights together with the vectors as solid bodies). To justify the appearance of the strange vectors ~e i we need the following geometric fact: Lemma 1. Suppose the searchlight α p placed at point M illuminates a point N while the searchlight α q placed at M does not illuminate N . Then M N −−→ · ~e p > M N −−→ · ~e q , see Fig. 108 c). (Hereafter a “·” means the inner product of vectors; the i-th searchlight is denoted by α i — the angle it illuminates indexed by its number). Proof. Let M N −−→ = ~v. Draw the vector OP −→ = ~v with O as its initial point, see Fig. 108 d). The ray [OP ) intersects the p-th side of the polygon A 1 . . . A n at a point K and does not intersect the q-th side because the searchlight α p lights up N while α q does not. There are two possibilities: 1) [OP ) does not intersect the straight line on which the q-th side lies; 2) [OP ) intersects this line at a point R. In case 1), Lemma 1 is obvious since ~v · ~e p > 0 and ~v · ~e q ≤ 0. In case 2), the inequality |OK| < |OR| is satisfied and, therefore, ~v · ~e p = |OP −→ | |~e p | cos(~v, ~e p ) = |OP −→ | 1 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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