60-odd years of moscow mathematical
parts with this area is quadrilateral
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Moscow olympiad problems
parts with this area is quadrilateral HOM C. The following cases are possible: B) See Fig. 113 b). In this case the second solution (given below) is even simpler than arguments in case C) and the answer is S = 1 6 . C) Suppose that triangles AOB and BOM have the same areas S and the area of 4AOH is s = 1 − 3S. Connect H and M with a segment, see Fig. 113 b). Let BC = a, BM = x, AC = b, CH = y. The ratio BM M C is equal to the ratio of the areas of the triangles with the bases BM and M C and a common vertex A, i.e., x a − x = 2S S + s . Similarly, having considered 4ABH and 4CBH we get y b − y = 2S S + s . Consequently, x a − x = y b − y , whence x(b − y) = y(a − x) ⇐⇒ bx = ay ⇐⇒ y = xb a . Denote: |AB| = c. From 4ABM we have S = 12 · S ABM = 12 · 1 2 · xc sin B = 1 4 bx sin C because c sin B = b sin C by the law of sines. To define the areas of all four parts into which 4ABC is divided, we can calculate s by two methods. 168 SOLUTIONS On the one hand, s is the area of 4AHO: s = 1 − 3S = 1 − 32S 4ABM = 12ab sin C − 3 4 bx sin C = 1 2 b ³ a − 32x ´ sin C. (1) On the other hand, S − s is the area of 4HM C, i.e., it is equal to 1 2 y(a − x) sin C, whence s = S − 1 2 y(a − x) sin C. By substituting S = 1 4 bx sin C and y = b a x into (1) we get s = 14bx sin C − 1 2 b a x(a − x) sin C = 1 2 bx ³ 1 2 − 1 a (a − x) ´ sin C. (2) We equate the right-hand sides of (1) and (2): 1 2 b ³ a − 32 ´ sin C = 12bx ³ 1 2 − 1 a (a − x) ´ sin C ⇐⇒ ³ a − 32 ´ = x ³ x a − 1 2 ´ therefrom we get the following quadratic equation for x: x 2 + ax − a 2 = 0. Hence, x = a √ 5 − 1 2 = τ a, y = xb a = b √ 5 − 1 2 = τ b, where τ = √ 5 − 1 2 . It remains to calculate S and s: S = 14bx sin C = 1 2 ab sin C √ 5 − 1 4 = √ 5 − 1 4 = τ2 (since 1 2 ab sin C = 1 by the hypothesis); s = 1 − 3S = 1 − 32τ = 7 − 3 √ 5 4 . Figure 113. (Sol. A29) Another solution. The same problem has a simpler solution if we use allow to use affine transforma- tions of the plane — a composition of (a) a parallel translation and (b) a rotation in space with subsequent projection to original plane and (c) a homothety. Such a transformation does not change the ratio of areas of any two figures. Let us make use of the affine transformation which turns the original triangle into an equilateral one and solve the problem set for the triangle obtained. Despite of the fact that the solution seems to satisfy only the particular case of an equilateral triangle, it nevertheless is a solution for all triangles because of the affine nature of the problem. The solution is based on the same reasoning as above but is much simpler. Indeed, case b) becomes completely obvious and in case c) x = y, 1 2 (a − x) √ 3 2 = S − s, s + 3S = a √ 3 4 , 1 2 √ 3 2 a = 2S SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL CIRCLES 169 (a is the length of the side of the regular triangle) therefrom it is easy to get the same quadratic equation x 2 + ax − a 2 = 0 with the positive root x = τ a. The number τ = √ 5 − 1 2 , the positive root of the equation x 2 + x − 1 = 0, is a remarkable number in Mathematics and even has a special name: the “golden section” or “Mister Tau.” It has many interesting and beautiful properties, one of which is that its continued fraction expansion is one of the simplest possible: τ = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + . . . The golden section first appeared in geometry during the search for “golden” rectangles which remain similar to themselves after squares are cut off from them. Let the longer side of a golden rectangle be 1 and the shorter side be τ ; the “goldness” property is then τ 1 = 1 − τ τ equivalent to τ 2 + τ − 1 = 0. Mr. τ appears in many other geometric problems, e.g., in a problem on a regular pentagon. Let ABCDE be a regular pentagon, see Fig. 113 d). Then its side is τ times smaller than the diagonal (AB = τ BD) and the diagonals divide each other in the ratio of τ : 1 (BT = τ BD, DK = τ AD). You can work out a proof yourself or look up in [Cox]. But why did Mr. τ appear when we solved our problem of cutting a triangle? Could we anticipate it and perceive Mr. τ directly without calculations? Since, as was mentioned above, the problem is of affine nature, it suffices to replace from the very beginning an arbitrary triangle with a special one for which everything is clear. We tried an equilateral triangle as a most natural simple example but it proved to be only a trifle simpler than the original one and we still had to calculate. So for this problem the obvious idea of simplicity does not fit. What we need is the triangle ABD composed of the diagonals BD, AD and the side AB of the regular pentagon ABCD and the intercepts AT and BK in it, see Fig. 113 d). Indeed, S 4AOB = S 4BOT since AO = OT (the diagonal AT of parallelogram ABT E is divided in halves by the other diagonal BE). In addition, S Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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