60-odd years of moscow mathematical
Download 1.08 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Moscow olympiad problems
t = x − 1. Therefore, if the left hand side of (∗) is positive, then it is greater than the right hand side.
Therefore, the solutions indicated above are the only ones. 8. First, let us prove that all numbers greater than 8100 are painted red. Indeed, let 8100 < A = 81k + 100l. By Euclid’s algorithm, any integer can be represented in this form with integer, though not necessarily positive, k and l. At least one of the numbers k and l, say, k, is positive. From all representations of A in the above form select the one for which k is the least positive. Then k < 100 (otherwise there would have existed a representation (k − 100, l + 81)), therefore, 81k < 8100. But then 100l > 0 and l > 0, as was required. As is not difficult to figure out, the number 8100 is painted blue; hence, this is the right-most of the blue points. On the other hand, it is clear that the left-most of the red points is 181. Therefore, it is clear that the point whose existence is claimed in the problem should equal to 1 2 (8100 + 181) and numbers A and B are symmetric with respect to it if A + B = 8281. It remains to prove that of two such numbers one is necessarily red and another one blue. Let us write again A = 81k + 100l and B = 81m + 100n. Assume that k and m are the least positive numbers for which such a representation exists, i.e., 0 < k, m < 100. Then 8281 = 81(k + m) + 100(l + n) and 0 < k + m ≤ 200. But it is not difficult to verify that there exists only two representations of 8281 in the form 81x + 100y so that 0 < x < 200. These representations are: x = 1, y = 82 and x = 101, y = 1. In the first case k + m = x = 1 which contradicts the condition k, m > 0. Thus, the second case holds. But then l + n = 1 and therefore, one of these numbers is positive and the other one is not. This directly implies that one of the numbers A, B is red. We leave it to the reader to establish that the other number is blue. 12. A) Draw all possible straight lines through all pairs of points in the set. Denote straight line l containing points A and B by AB. We can now demonstrate that at least three points of the set lie on at least one of the drawn lines. Indeed, if A, B, C, and D are four points of the set which do not coincide, and M — the intersection point of AB and CD — also belongs to the set, then A, B, C are either on the same straight line and then M coincides with C (see Fig. 107 a)) or three points A, B, M and, respectively, C, D, M already lie on straight lines AB and CD; see Fig. 107 b). So let us choose a line l containing at least three points of the set and prove that all points of the set but one lie on that line. Assume the contrary: let A and B lie outside l. Let us prove then that the set contains an infinite number of points: contradiction. To this end denote the intersection point of l with AB by C 1 . By the hypothesis it belongs to the set. (In what follows we will remember that all intersection points of the lines under consideration belong to the set.) Line l was said to have also points C 2 and C 3 of the set, see Fig. 107 c). Denote the intersection point of AC 3 with BC 2 by X 1 (AC 3 and BC 2 are not parallel), X 1 not lying in l. Lines AC 2 and C 1 Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling