Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
130 value relationship that work-in-process inventory has to the cost of the finished product. There are three stages of completion: • units started and finished during the current period • units started in a prior period and finished during the cur- rent period (BI) • units started in the current period but not finished at the period’s end (EI) Costs must be spread among the units finished during the period and those still in various stages of completion at the end of the period. This usually involves estimating the percentage of completion of the ending work-in-process inventory. Job-Order Costing Job-order costing systems are effective when each product or service consumes a different amount of direct material, direct labor, and indirect costs. Jobs that differ in duration, complexity, or input requirements may also call for job-order costing. Costs are accumulated and assigned to the individual products or services. In a job-order costing system, work orders track different products with varying degrees of labor production time and dif- ferent amounts of direct materials consumed. Indirect costs are first assigned to departments and then assigned to specific out- put units. This assignment is often based on a measure such as direct labor hours consumed. Job-order costing extends beyond manufacturing. Two fed- eral sector examples would include the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) doing specific investigative work for the Department of State or when the National Institutes of Health does a study on the costs of specific medical procedures, such as open-heart surgery A service provider might use job costing to track the cost of a particular assignment. In this example, indirect costs are assigned to each job based upon the number of direct labor hours spent on the particular job. Webster07.qxd 8/29/2003 10:22 AM Page 130 |
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