Accounting for Managers
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them to products or services. Often costs are assigned to prod-
ucts by dividing the department’s total costs by the number of
units produced by that department.
Here’s an example. A non-profit organization may have a
specific department to process memberships and renewals.
This example suggests that both overhead and labor costs
need some examination.
As Complex as ABC
Activity-based costing, well known as ABC, grew to offset the
distortions in process and job costing systems. ABC is a man-
agement practice that looks at how an entity’s activities use
resources and relate that
use to its outputs. ABC
breaks down an organiza-
tion’s processes into dis-
crete activities and meas-
ures each activity’s cost
and performance effec-
tiveness. Related activities
are assigned costs based
on resource use. Then costs are tied to cost objects, such as
products or customers, based on use of activities. Any costs
that cannot be directly traced to activities or outputs are then
assigned to outputs based on a cause-and-effect relationship or
through a SWAG cost assignment adjusted through experience.
ABC is popular with many private organizations and several
federal sector entities. It lets them designate activities as either
Direct labor for membership department
$600,000
Direct materials for membership department
50,000
Indirect costs allocated to membership department
125,000
Total costs for membership department
$775,000
Divided by 65,000 applications processed equals
Unit cost per check processed $11.92
Activity-based costing
(ABC) An accounting
method that allows an
organization to determine the actual
costs associated with each product
and service without regard to organi-
zational structure.
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