Accounting for Managers
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absorption cost accounting systems. That means the fixed por-
tion of overhead costs stay with the product until it is sold.
Job-order costing is used in situations where a company
offers many different products or services, such as in manufac-
turing furniture or providing health-care services. In job-order
costing, each job is treated as a single unit of output. All rele-
vant costs, including an overhead allocation, stay with that job
until it is completed and sold. Examples would be making cus-
tom machine tools or boats. A job cost sheet records all the
direct materials and labor costs associated with a given job. An
overhead allocation is then added.
To calculate the overhead allocation, start by defining the
cost objects. Identify and accumulate indirect costs in cost
pools. Choose an allocation base—the measure by which you’ll
Transaction activity An event involved in the transfer of
something of value, such as logistics, load balancing, quality
assurance, or making changes.
Logistics Order, execute, and confirm the movement of materials
from one location to another.
Load balancing Ensure that the supplies of materials, labor, and
capacity equal demand.
Quality assurance Detect, prevent, and correct poor quality in
products, including internal and external product failure costs.
Change Update basic manufacturing systems to accommodate engi-
neering changes.
Transaction object An element involved in the transfer of some-
thing of value, such as the factory, a product line, an individual product,
a batch of product, or a single unit.
Factory Production facilities common to a grouping of products.
Product line A grouping of similar products.
Product A discrete, user-demanded good.
Batch A production order for a specified volume of a particular
product.
Unit Individual instance of a product.
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