Allocation base A meas-
ure of activity used to
assign costs to cost objects.
For example, direct labor-hours,
machine-hours, or sales dollars.
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General Differences
As mentioned, job-order costing is appropriate when there are
many different products or services or products that are usually
provided on a custom basis, while process costing is used when
goods or services are relatively homogeneous. A job-order sys-
tem focuses on the individual job. The process cost system
focuses on the cost center: the cost center’s costs are divided by
the number of units produced to compute the unit cost.
Materials and Labor Costs
Under a job-order cost system, specific jobs get their own labor
and materials costs. Under a process cost system, labor and
materials costs are charged directly to the departments where
they are incurred. Process cost systems generally need less
clerical work than job cost systems. For example, in a job cost
system, a direct laborer can work on several jobs. Tracing each
worker’s efforts through the job work sheets should total the
hours worked. In many service industries, workers have to go to
great lengths to charge their hours to various projects.
Factory Overhead Application
Both job-order and process costing use predetermined over-
head rates. In job cost systems, each job has its own overhead
allocation; that allocation can be anything management finds
relevant. In process cost systems, overhead is usually applied to
departments. As is the case in job costing, the applicable facto-
ry overhead is charged to the service departments. Then the
Process Costing
Job-Order Costing
homogeneous
heterogeneous
mass-produced
batch-produced
small cost per unit
large cost per unit
continuous production
sequential production
uniform production steps
individualized production steps
highly automated
high labor skills
Table 7-1. Comparisons of process costing and job-order costing
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