In a
proactive FCA system, costs are categorized and
assigned to specific processes and activities. The costs incurred
can be identified, classified, and quantified but are limited to
discrete costs. Decisions typically focus on incremental activi-
ties, such as minimizing hazardous waste.
A
leadership FCA system includes both financial and nonfi-
nancial issues in the relevant data used in the business decision
process. Systems are designed to include value chain perspec-
tives. Both the process and the product are evaluated for the
relationship between inputs and overall value in order to mini-
mize total costs. The data coming from such an FCA tool can
satisfy a variety of decision classes, including cost allocation,
capital budgeting, and product design and pricing.
Target Costing
Target costing is a set of costing procedures that support a
design-to-cost (DTC) approach. Market-driven target prices are
the base for establishing a product’s target cost.
The target costing concept is similar to the U.S. Department
of Defense concept of cost as an independent variable (CAIV)
and the price-to-win philosophy used by a number of compa-
nies pursuing development under contract deals. This example
is included here to show that many costing models exist inde-
pendent of a company’s general ledger.
The following 10 steps are required to install a comprehen-
sive target costing approach within an organization.
Reorient attitudes and culture. The first and most
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