Accounting for Managers
Concepts and Principles, Checks and Balances
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Accounting for Managers
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- The Four Assumptions
- Don’t Mix Personal with Business
Concepts and Principles, Checks and Balances
29 Webster02.qxd 8/29/2003 10:21 AM Page 29 Accounting for Managers 30 to seem greater than it actually is. If an error is discovered, the consistency hobgoblin cannot shield the need to correct the error. If it becomes necessary to change the method or the rates being charged, then the financial statements must show a note for that period. The note must state why the change was made and what effect it has on the results. The Four Assumptions • separate entity • monetary unit • continuity • time period Each economic entity needs its own financial records. A large company may have several divisions, product lines, and plants whose economic activities are combined in the company financial statements. Within that company, a specific entity, branch, office, or shop must record every economic act. Within the records, each act must be traceable to the appropriate enti- ty. Businesses are making progress in this area. In government, it is still a subject ripe for reform. The second assumption is monetary unit. The economic entity records only quantifiable monetary transactions. For example, hiring a coach who leads the team to a Super Bowl results in tremendous economic benefits to the franchise, but the salary package is the only transaction on the books. Don’t Mix Personal with Business A favorite of small and large business owners and offi- cers is recording personal liabilities in the record of company expenses. Any numbers of high-flying CEOs have been tripped up by this supposed stratagem.The practice violates the entity assumption.There are, as in many areas of accounting, gray areas where what might be considered personal expenses, when incurred in relation to a business event, can be valid. See a tax advisor or other expert if there’s any question. As a general rule, don’t dip your cookie in the company’s coffee. Webster02.qxd 8/29/2003 10:21 AM Page 30 Similarly, the lost opportunity cost in the dashed expectation of the rookie quarterback cannot be written off as an expense; only the eight-figure bonus package can be deducted. The monetary transactions must be reported in a single, stable cur- rency. International companies often report in U.S. dollars (USD), even though their activities span the globe. Continuity is also known as the going concern assumption. The business is expected to last over time. In U.S. law, corpora- tions are seen as individuals with an indefinite life span. Therefore, financial statements can view certain assets and lia- bilities as long-term, lasting more than a year. Recall that when we post to the general journal, we always record the date. The time period assumption recognizes that business activities take place over time. Financial performance then can be reported and compared for any period of time. The economic impact of buying raw material for manufacture of a product differs from the financed purchase of the machine that makes the product. The raw material is a current asset while it is in inventory and a current expense when it turns into the product. The machine represents a long-term asset and the debt financing is a long-term liability. The time frame in which the report is prepared must take these differences into account in stating the results. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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