Алишер навоий номидаги тошкент давлат ўзбек тили ва адабиёти университети ҳузуридаги илмий даражалар берувчи dsc

part of Persian words used in the poems of Sufizada, Sidki Khondaliki, Is’hokkhon 
Ibrat, Sidki Ajzi are out of use nowadays and demand definition. The second part 
of these words is still used as Persian Uzbek dialects to some degree.
5. At the beginning of the 20th century the changes in socio-political life and 
changes in literary thoughts as well as striving for education caused the appearance 
of Russian words into a wide usage. In the language of Jadid poetry, new concepts 
were mainly expressed by Russian-European lexical units. The words in the works 
about culture and education outnumbered the words denoting love. In the works on 
the theme of love, they are rarely met. The Russian international words which were 
in use in Jadid poetry, are still in use in modern Uzbek literary language. Yet, some 
Russian international words, which were not borrowed according to objective 
norms, were out of use. This group of words mainly comprise social political terms 
and concepts connected with ideology. 
6. The statistical analysis shows that the quantity of native layer words 
outnumbers the quantity of borrowed words. It equals to 59% / 41%. It shows that 
at that period the quantity of native layer of words was higher than borrowed 
words. At the beginning of the 17th-19th centuries, in the lexis of literary works of 
the Uzbek literature, the quantity of native and borrowed layer was equal to 53% / 
47%. 
7. Jadid representatives widely used the words with opposite meaning to 
express their social, political, moral and aesthetic views. Antonyms were one of the 
language means for expressing general spirit of that period which was full of 
conflicts. Writers created different samples of «tazod» art which came out from the 
words of opposite meaning. 
8. Homonyms gave an opportunity to use delicate play on words, to raise the 
harmony of the words and to create full rhyme between the lines of the poems. 
Homonyms were also the main means of expressing a certain idea, symbol or 
episode more expressively, which led to the creation of the art of «tajnis». In Jadid 
poetry, the types of «tajnisi tomm», «tajnisi zoyid», «tajnisi muzoria», «tajnisi 
aks» and «tajnisi khatti» were used as well. 
9. Synonyms were used to increase the emotiveness of literary expressions, to 
avoid repetitions, to supply fluency in style, to express thoughts precisely and 
briefly, to enrich the literary aesthetic thoughts, to put the lines in a proper measure 
and rhyme. In the language of this poetry, the place of synonyms in Turkic 
(Uzbek)-Turkic (Uzbek), Arabic-Arabic, Persian-Persian, Turkic-Persian-Arabic, 
Turkic-Persian, Turkic-Arabic, Persian-Arabic synonyms is significant.
10. Jadid poets paid much attention to the hidden meaning of the words and 
used indirect meaning of the words properly in order to popularize their ideas. The 

---

60 
language means fulfilled a certain function and created literary images. They, 
especially, realized the linguistic and literary peculiarities of metaphors and used 
them objectively; they composed poems with high aesthetic value. The metaphors 
are distinguished with their emotiveness, uniqueness and elegance. It should also 
be mentioned that the metaphors in Jadid poetry are the main part of our nation’s 
thought. Jadid poets expressed their greatest aims and thoughts, their attempts for 
freedom through metaphors. As a result, metaphoric system of expressing the 
words like freedom and motherland was formed. Furthermore, metaphors, 
metonymies, and synecdoche served as the main factor for raising the aesthetic and 
literary value of Jadid poetry. 
11. It will be an actual problem of Uzbek linguistics to study the language of 
Jadid literary works from different aspects, especially, from the aspect of lexical 
semantics. On the one hand, the ideology of freedom soaked in the language of 
Jadid literature will help develop the idea of independence and serves to bring up 
the younger generation in the spirit of devotion to their native land, on the other 
hand, it will be the basis for comprehending linguistic peculiarities of the Uzbek 
literary language of the 20th century, as well as drawing overall conclusions on its 
formation and development. 

---

61