An American Tragedy (1925) Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)


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"And you swear on the Bible, do you, that you experienced a change of heart?"

 

"Yes, sir."



 

"That Miss Alden was very sad and that was what moved you to experience this change of 

heart?"

 

"Yes, sir. That's how it was."



 

"Well, now, Griffiths, when she was up there in the country and waiting for you--she wrote 

you all those letters there, did she not?"


 

"Yes, sir."

 

"You received one on an average of every two days, didn't you?"



 

"Yes, sir."

 

"And you knew she was lonely and miserable there, didn't you?"



 

"Yes, sir--but then I've explained--"

 

"Oh, you've explained! You mean your lawyers have explained it for you! Didn't they coach 



you day after day in that jail over there as to how you were to answer when the time came?"

 

"No, sir, they didn't!" replied Clyde, defiantly, catching Jephson's eye at this moment.



 

"Well, then when I asked you up there at Bear Lake how it was that his girl met her death--

why didn't you tell me then and save all this trouble and suspicion and investigation? Don't you 

think the public would have listened more kindly and believingly there than it will now after you've 

taken five long months to think it all out with the help of two lawyers?"

 

"But I didn't think it out with any lawyers," persisted Clyde, still looking at Jephson, who 



was supporting him with all his mental strength. "I've just explained why I did that."

 

"You've explained! You've explained!" roared Mason, almost beside himself with the 



knowledge that this false explanation was sufficient of a shield or barrier for Clyde to hide behind 

whenever he found himself being too hard pressed--the little rat! And so now he fairly quivered 

with baffled rage as he proceeded.

 

"And before you went up--while she was writing them to you--you considered them sad, 



didn't you?"

 

"Why, yes, sir. That is"--he hesitated incautiously--"some parts of them anyhow."



 

"Oh, I see--only some parts of them now. I thought you just said you considered them sad."

 

"Well, I do."



 

"And did."

 

"Yes, sir--and did." But Clyde's eyes were beginning to wander nervously in the direction of 



Jephson, who was fixing him as with a beam of light.

 

"Remember her writing you this?" And here Mason picked up and opened one of the letters 



and began reading: "Clyde--I shall certainly die, dear, if you don't come. I am so much alone. I am 

nearly crazy now. I wish I could go away and never return or trouble you any more. But if you 

would only telephone me, even so much as once every other day, since you won't write. And when I 

need you and a word of encouragement so." Mason's voice was mellow. It was sad. One could feel

as he spoke, the wave of passing pity that was moving as sound and color not only through him but 

through every spectator in the high, narrow courtroom. "Does that seem at all sad to you?"

 

"Yes, sir, it does."



 

"Did it then?"

 

"Yes, sir, it did."



 

"You knew it was sincere, didn't you?" snarled Mason.

 

"Yes, sir. I did."



 

"Then why didn't a little of that pity that you claim moved you so deeply out there in the 

center of Big Bittern move you down there in Lycurgus to pick up the telephone there in Mrs. 

Peyton's house where you were and reassure that lonely girl by so much as a word that you were 

coming? Was it because your pity for her then wasn't as great as it was after she wrote you that 

threatening letter? Or was it because you had a plot and you were afraid that too much telephoning 

to her might attract attention? How was it that you had so much pity all of a sudden up at Big 

Bittern, but none at all down there at Lycurgus? Is it something you can turn on and off like a 

faucet?"

 

"I never said I had none at all," replied Clyde, defiantly, having just received an eye-flash 



from Jephson.

 

"Well, you left her to wait until she had to threaten you because of her own terror and 



misery."

 

"Well, I've admitted that I didn't treat her right."



 

"Ha, ha! Right! RIGHT! And because of that admission and in face of all the other testimony 



we've had here, your own included, you expect to walk out of here a free man, do you?"

 

Belknap was not to be restrained any longer. His objection came-- and with bitter 



vehemence he addressed the judge: "This is infamous, your Honor. Is the district attorney to be 

allowed to make a speech with every question?"

 

"I heard no objection," countered the court. "The district attorney will frame his questions 



properly."

 

Mason took the rebuke lightly and turned again to Clyde. "In that boat there in the center of 



Big Bittern you have testified that you had in your hand that camera that you once denied owning?"

 

"Yes, sir."



 

"And she was in the stern of the boat?"

 

"Yes, sir."



 

"Bring in that boat, will you, Burton?" he called to Burleigh at this point, and forthwith four 

deputies from the district attorney's office retired through a west door behind the judge's rostrum 

and soon returned carrying the identical boat in which Clyde and Roberta had sat, and put it down 

before the jury. And as they did so Clyde chilled and stared. The identical boat! He blinked and 

quivered as the audience stirred, stared and strained, an audible wave of curiosity and interest 

passing over the entire room. And then Mason, taking the camera and shaking it up and down, 

exclaimed: "Well, here you are now, Griffiths! The camera you never owned. Step down here into 

this boat and take this camera here and show the jury just where you sat, and where Miss Alden sat. 

And exactly, if you can, how and where it was that you struck Miss Alden and where and about how 

she fell."

 

"Object!" declared Belknap.



 

A long and wearisome legal argument, finally terminating in the judge allowing this type of 

testimony to be continued for a while at least. And at the conclusion of it, Clyde declaring: "I didn't 

intentionally strike her with it though"--to which Mason replied: "Yes, we heard you testify that 

way"--then Clyde stepping down and after being directed here and there finally stepping into the 

boat at the middle seat and seating himself while three men held it straight.

 

"And now, Newcomb--I want you to come here and sit wherever Miss Alden was supposed 



to sit and take any position which he describes as having been taken by her."

 

"Yes, sir," said Newcomb, coming forward and seating himself while Clyde vainly sought to 



catch Jephson's eye but could not since his own back was partially turned from him.

 

"And now, Griffiths," went on Mason, "just you show Mr. Newcomb here how Miss Alden 



arose and came toward you. Direct him."

 

And then Clyde, feeling weak and false and hated, arising again and in a nervous and 



angular way--the eerie strangeness of all this affecting him to the point of unbelievable 

awkwardness--attempting to show Newcomb just how Roberta had gotten up and half walked and 

half crawled, then had stumbled and fallen. And after that, with the camera in his hand, attempting 

to show as nearly as he could recall, how unconsciously his arm had shot out and he had struck 

Roberta, he scarcely knowing where--on the chin and cheek maybe, he was not sure, but not 

intentionally, of course, and not with sufficient force really to injure her, he thought at the time. But 

just here a long wrangle between Belknap and Mason as to the competency of such testimony since 

Clyde declared that he could not remember clearly--but Oberwaltzer finally allowing the testimony 

on the ground that it would show, relatively, whether a light or heavy push or blow was required in 

order to upset any one who might be "lightly" or "loosely" poised.

 

"But how in Heaven's name are these antics as here demonstrated on a man of Mr. 



Newcomb's build to show what would follow in the case of a girl of the size and weight of Miss 

Alden?" persisted Belknap.

 

"Well, then we'll put a girl of the size and weight of Miss Alden in here." And at once calling 



for Zillah Saunders and putting her in Newcomb's place. But Belknap none-the-less proceeding 

with:


 

"And what of that? The conditions aren't the same. This boat isn't on the water. No two 

people are going to be alike in their resistance or their physical responses to accidental blows."


 

"Then you refuse to allow this demonstration to be made?" (This was from Mason, turning 

and cynically inquiring.)

 

"Oh, make it if you choose. It doesn't mean anything though, as anybody can see," persisted 



Belknap, suggestively.

 

And so Clyde, under directions from Mason, now pushing at Zillah, "about as hard," (he 



thought) as he had accidentally pushed at Roberta. And she falling back a little--not much--but in so 

doing being able to lay a hand on each side of the boat and so save herself. And the jury, in spite of 

Belknap's thought that his contentions would have counteracted all this, gathering the impression 

that Clyde, on account of his guilt and fear of death, was probably attempting to conjure something 

that had been much more viciously executed, to be sure. For had not the doctors sworn to the 

probable force of this and another blow on the top of the head? And had not Burton Burleigh 

testified to having discovered a hair in the camera? And how about the cry that woman had heard? 

How about that?

 

But with that particular incident the court was adjourned for this day.



 

On the following morning at the sound of the gavel, there was Mason, as fresh and vigorous 

and vicious as ever. And Clyde, after a miserable night in his cell and much bolstering by Jephson 

and Belknap, determined to be as cool and insistent and innocent- appearing as he could be, but 

with no real heart for the job, so convinced was he that local sentiment in its entirety was against 

him--that he was believed to be guilty. And with Mason beginning most savagely and bitterly:

 

"You still insist that you experienced a change of heart, do you, Griffiths?"



 

"Yes, sir, I do."

 

"Ever hear of people being resuscitated after they have apparently drowned?"



 

"I don't quite understand."

 

"You know, of course, that people who are supposed to be drowned, who go down for the 



last time and don't come up, are occasionally gotten out of the water and revived, brought back to 

life by first- aid methods--working their arms and rolling them over a log or a barrel. You've heard 

of that, haven't you?"

 

"Yes, sir, I think I have. I've heard of people being brought back to life after they're supposed 



to be drowned, but I don't think I ever heard just how."

 

"You never did?"



 

"No, sir."

 

"Or how long they could stay under water and still be revived?"



 

"No, sir. I never did."

 

"Never heard, for instance, that a person who had been in the water as long as fifteen 



minutes might still be brought to?"

 

"No, sir."



 

"So it never occurred to you after you swam to shore yourself that you might still call for aid 

and so save her life even then?"

 

"No, sir, it didn't occur to me. I thought she was dead by then."



 

"I see. But when she was still alive out there in the water--how about that? You're a pretty 

good swimmer, aren't you?"

 

"Yes, sir, I swim fairly well."



 

"Well enough, for instance, to save yourself by swimming over five hundred feet with your 

shoes and clothes on. Isn't that so?"

 

"Well, I did swim that distance then--yes, sir."



 

"Yes, you did indeed--and pretty good for a fellow who couldn't swim thirty-five feet to an 

overturned boat, I'll say," concluded Mason.

 

Here Jephson waved aside Belknap's suggestion that he move to have this comment stricken 



out.

 

Clyde was now dragged over his various boating and swimming experiences and made to 



tell how many times he had gone out on lakes in craft as dangerous as canoes and had never had an 

accident.



 

"The first time you took Roberta out on Crum Lake was in a canoe, wasn't it?"

 

"Yes, sir."



 

"But you had no accident then?"

 

"No, sir."



 

"You cared for her then very much, didn't you?"

 

"Yes, sir."



 

"But the day she was drowned in Big Bittern, in this solid, round- bottomed row-boat, you 

didn't care for her any more."

 

"Well, I've said how I felt then."



 

"And of course there couldn't be any relation between the fact that on Crum Lake you cared 

for her but on Big Bittern--"

 

"I said how I felt then."



 

"But you wanted to get rid of her just the same, didn't you? The moment she was dead to run 

away to that other girl. You don't deny that, do you?"

 

"I've explained why I did that," reiterated Clyde.



 

"Explained! Explained! And you expect any fair-minded, decent, intelligent person to 

believe that explanation, do you?" Mason was fairly beside himself with rage and Clyde did not 

venture to comment as to that. The judge anticipated Jephson's objection to this and bellowed, 

"Objection sustained." But Mason went right on. "You couldn't have been just a little careless, could 

you, Griffiths, in the handling of the boat and upset it yourself, say?" He drew near and leered.

 

"No, sir, I wasn't careless. It was an accident that I couldn't avoid." Clyde was quite cool, 



though pale and tired.

 

"An accident. Like that other accident out there in Kansas City, for instance. You're rather 



familiar with accidents of that kind, aren't you, Griffiths?" queried Mason sneeringly and slowly.

 

"I've explained how that happened," replied Clyde nervously.



 

"You're rather familiar with accidents that result in death to girls, aren't you? Do you always 

run away when one of them dies?"

 

"Object," yelled Belknap, leaping to his feet.



 

"Objection sustained," called Oberwaltzer sharply. "There is nothing before this court 

concerning any other accident. The prosecution will confine itself more closely to the case in hand."

 

"Griffiths," went on Mason, pleased with the way he had made a return to Jephson for his 



apology for the Kansas City accident, "when that boat upset after that accidental blow of yours and 

you and Miss Alden fell into the water--how far apart were you?"

 

"Well, I didn't notice just then."



 

"Pretty close, weren't you? Not much more than a foot or two, surely--the way you stood 

there in the boat?"

 

"Well, I didn't notice. Maybe that, yes, sir."



 

"Close enough to have grabbed her and hung on to her if you had wanted to, weren't you? 

That's what you jumped up for, wasn't it, when she started to fall out?"

 

"Yes, that's what I jumped up for," replied Clyde heavily, "but I wasn't close enough to grab 



her. I know I went right under, and when I came up she was some little distance away."

 

"Well, how far exactly? As far as from here to this end of the jury box or that end, or half 



way, or what?"

 

"Well, I say I didn't notice, quite. About as far from here to that end, I guess," he lied, 



stretching the distance by at least eight feet.

 

"Not really!" exclaimed Mason, pretending to evince astonishment. "This boat here turns 



over, you both fall in the water close together, and when you come up you and she are nearly twenty 

feet apart. Don't you think your memory is getting a little the best of you there?"

 

"Well, that's the way it looked to me when I came up."



 

"Well, now, after that boat turned over and you both came up, where were you in relation to 

IT? Here is the boat now and where were you out there in the audience, as to distance, I mean?"

 

"Well, as I say, I didn't exactly notice when I first came up," returned Clyde, looking 



nervously and dubiously at the space before him. Most certainly a trap was being prepared for him. 

"About as far as from here to that railing beyond your table, I guess."

 

"About thirty to thirty-five feet then," suggested Mason, slyly and hopefully.



 

"Yes, sir. About that maybe. I couldn't be quite sure."

 

"And now with you over there and the boat here, where was Miss Alden at that time?"



 

And Clyde now sensed that Mason must have some geometric or mathematic scheme in 

mind whereby he proposed to establish his guilt. And at once he was on his guard, and looking in 

the direction of Jephson. At the same time he could not see how he was to put Roberta too far away 

either. He had said she couldn't swim. Wouldn't she be nearer the boat than he was? Most certainly. 

He leaped foolishly--wildly--at the thought that it might be best to say that she was about half that 

distance--not more, very likely. And said so. And at once Mason proceeded with:

 

"Well, then she was not more than fifteen feet or so from you or the boat."



 

"No, sir, maybe not. I guess not."

 

"Well then, do you mean to say that you couldn't have swum that little distance and buoyed 



her up until you could reach the boat just fifteen feet beyond her?"

 

"Well, as I say, I was a little dazed when I came up and she was striking about and 



screaming so."

 

"But there was that boat--not more than thirty-five feet away, according to your own story--



and a mighty long way for a boat to move in that time, I'll say. And do you mean to say that when 

you could swim five hundred feet to shore afterwards that you couldn't have swum to that boat and 

pushed it to her in time for her to save herself? She was struggling to keep herself up, wasn't she?"

 

"Yes, sir. But I was rattled at first," pleaded Clyde, gloomily, conscious of the eyes of all the 



jurors and all the spectators fixed upon his face, "and . . . and . . ." (because of the general strain of 

the suspicion and incredulity now focused as a great force upon him, his nerve was all but failing 

him, and he was hesitating and stumbling) . . . "I didn't think quite quick enough I guess, what to do. 

Besides I was afraid if I went near her . . ."

 

"I know. A mental and moral coward," sneered Mason. "Besides very slow to think when it's 



to your advantage to be slow and swift when it's to your advantage to be swift. Is that it?"

 

"No, sir."



 

"Well, then, if it isn't, just tell me this, Griffiths, why was it, after you got out of the water a 

few moments later you had sufficient presence of mind to stop and bury that tripod before starting 

through the woods, whereas, when it came to rescuing her you got rattled and couldn't do a thing? 

How was it that you could get so calm and calculating the moment you set your foot on land? What 

can you say to that?"

 

"Well . . . a . . . I told you that afterwards I realized that there was nothing else to do."



 

"Yes, we know all about that. But doesn't it occur to you that it takes a pretty cool head after 

so much panic in the water to stop at a moment like that and take such a precaution as that--burying 

that tripod? How was it that you could think so well of that and not think anything about the boat a 

few moments before?"

 

"Well . . . but . . ."



 

"You didn't want her to live, in spite of your alleged change of heart! Isn't that it?" yelled 

Mason. "Isn't that the black, sad truth? She was drowning, as you wanted her to drown, and you just 

let her drown! Isn't that so?"

 

He was fairly trembling as he shouted this, and Clyde, the actual boat before him and 



Roberta's eyes and cries as she sank coming back to him with all their pathetic and horrible force, 

now shrank and cowered in his seat--the closeness of Mason's interpretation of what had really 

happened terrifying him. For never, even to Jephson and Belknap, had he admitted that when 

Roberta was in the water he had not wished to save her. Changelessly and secretively he insisted he 

had wanted to but that it had all happened so quickly, and he was so dazed and frightened by her 

cries and movements, that he had not been able to do anything before she was gone.

 

"I . . . I wanted to save her," he mumbled, his face quite gray, "but . . . but . . . as I said, I was 



dazed . . . and . . . and . . ."

 

"Don't you know that you're lying!" shouted Mason, leaning still closer, his stout arms aloft, 

his disfigured face glowering and scowling like some avenging nemesis or fury of gargoyle design-- 

"that you deliberately and with cold-hearted cunning allowed that poor, tortured girl to die there 

when you might have rescued her as easily as you could have swum fifty of those five hundred feet 

you did swim in order to save yourself?" For by now he was convinced that he knew just how Clyde 

had actually slain Roberta, something in his manner and mood convincing him, and he was 

determined to drag it out of him if he could. And although Belknap was instantly on his feet with a 

protest that his client was being unfairly prejudiced in the eyes of the jury and that he was really 

entitled to--and now demanded--a mistrial--which complaint Justice Oberwaltzer eventually 

overruled--still Clyde had time to reply, but most meekly and feebly: "No! No! I didn't. I wanted to 


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