Anomalous solute transport in complex media Abstract
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- Yong Zhang
Acknowledgement: The work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni-
versities (Grant No. 2015B03814) and the National Science Funds of China (Grant Nos. 11572112, 41628202, 11528205). HongGuang Sun, Wen Chen, Institute of Soft Matter Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China, e-mails: shg@hhu.edu.cn, chenwen@hhu.edu.cn Yong Zhang, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, United States, e-mail: yzhang264@ua.edu https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110571905-010 194 | H. G. Sun et al. ous experimental and field measurements have shown strong deviations of dynamics from those described by Fick’s law or Darcy’s law, due to the (typically multi-scale) heterogeneous nature of real-world media. For example, in natural soil or aquifers, on the one hand, inter-connected high-permeability materials can form preferential flow paths (at the scale of decimeters to a few hundred meters) and then significantly accelerate water movement and solute transport, leading to anomalous superdiffu- sion. On the other hand, organized, aggregated, or lumped regions with relatively low permeability and various sizes (varying from centimeters to meters) can retard flow and transport, causing anomalous subdiffusion. Anomalous transport can be ex- plained by non-locality with spatial and/or historical dependency, which leads to the non-Gaussian distribution of chemical plumes in space and the non-Markovian evo- lution in time under the point source initial condition. These problems motivated the development of new theoretical models for anomalous transport in complex media, especially groundwater flow and transport, which is one of the major topics of hydro- geology [19]. Previous studies have indicated that anomalous diffusion is the typical dynamics of complex solute transport processes. Anomalous diffusion is usually defined by its mean squared displacement (MSD) using the statistical physics approach ⟨ r 2 ( t)⟩ ∝ t 2H , (1) in which r is the radius (or distance) of diffusion, t is the elapsed time of diffusion, and H represents the Hurst parameter. It represents normal diffusion for H = 0.5, subdiffusion for H < 0.5, superdiffusion for H > 0.5, and Ballistic diffusion for H = 1.0. Three mechanisms may trigger anomalous diffusion or transport [30, 3]. First, the inherent and multi-scale heterogeneity of natural media can cause mass exchange between relatively mobile and immobile zones, retarding solute movement and re- sulting in a heavy-tailed concentration profile, which is typically referred to as subd- iffusion. Second, the complex flow velocity field (e. g., turbulence) may yield anoma- lous spreading of a conservative tracer whose variance can significantly deviate from that for normal diffusion. For example, turbulence burst can be the main mechanism of suspended sediment’s superdiffusion in natural rivers. Third, chemical reactions (e. g., sorption–desorption and dissolution–precipitation) and biological activity can also cause anomalous kinetics of solutes. Anomalous diffusion can be well quantified by fractional derivative models, which are the scaling limits of continuous-time random walk (CTRW) with infinite moments. It is noteworthy that a hydrologic version of CTRW was also proposed by hydrologists [3], which is usually called the “CTRW framework”, to model anomalous transport, where various empirical memory functions are used in the general master equation and which contain the standard spatiotemporal fractional derivative models as special cases. In this CTRW framework, the particle’s trajectory is determined by Anomalous solute transport in complex media | 195 the assumed jump length probability density function (PDF), which is typically an exponential function, and the transition time PDF (between two subsequent jumps), which can exhibit a heavy-tailed distribution. A detailed comparison between the CTRW framework and the fractional derivative model can be found in the litera- ture [12]. As a novel modeling tool in mathematics and physics, the fractional-order derivative diffusion equation models can characterize anomalous diffusion driven by history dependence and spatial non-locality, accurately describing the tailing in breakthrough curves of solute transport. The development of fractional derivative models, as discussed below, is beyond the CTRW framework. This chapter summarizes recent progresses and discusses key challenges of frac- tional derivative diffusion equation models, including the research history and cur- rent development, fractional derivative models, and related applications in the field of environmental fluid mechanics. Download 276.08 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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