Anorganik kimyo
S o 'z b o s h i........................................................................................................................ 3
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S o 'z b o s h i........................................................................................................................ 3 Z a m o n a v iy m u a m m o la r n i h a l e tish d a k im y o fa n in in g o ‘r n i............... 6
1-bob. K IM Y O N IN G A S O S IY Q O N U N L A R I. K IM Y O N IN G TARIXI 1.1. K im y o n in g a so s iy q o n u n la r i......................................................................... 13 1.2. G a z la r q o n u n la r i................................................................................................ 18 1.3. A so siy tu sh u n c h a la r ...........................................................................................2 0 1.4. G a zla rn in g m o lek u ly a r m a ssa sin i a n iq la sh ..........................................2 2 1.5. A to m m assan i a n iq la sh u su lla ri.................................................................. 2 2 2-bob. M O D D A L A R N IN G AGREGAT HO LATLARI 2 .1 . M o d d a la r n in g q attiq h o la t i..............................................................................28 2 .2 . S u y u q lik la r tu z ilis h i.......................................................................................... 31 2 .3 . M o d d a la rn in g g a z va b o sh q a h o la tla ri........................................................ 33 3-bob. A N O R G A N IK M O D D A L A R N IN G SIN F L A R I 3.1 . O k sid la r.....................................................................................................................35 3 .2 . A so sla r .......................................................................................................................4 0 3 .3 . K islo ta la r ..................................................................................................................4 2 3 .4 . T u z la r ........................................................................................................................ 4 7 4-bob. K IM YO VIY REA K SIYA LA RN IN G E N E R G E T IK A SI VA Y O ‘N A L IS H I 4 .1 . K im y o v iy reak siyalarn in g e n e r g e tik a si....................................................55 4 .2 . T e r m o k im y o v iy h iso b la sh la r .........................................................................58 4 .3 . K im y o v iy reak siyalarn in g y o 'n a lis h i........................................................ 62 5-bob. K IM YO VIY REA K SIYA LA RN IN G T EZ L IG I 5 .1 . R ea k siy a la r te z lig i.............................................................................................. 73 5 .2 . R ea k siy a te z lig ig a ta ’sir e tu v ch i o m illa r ....................................................74 5 .3 . R eak siya te z lig ig a h a ro ra tn in g ta ’siri........................................................... 75 5.4. R ea k siy a la rn in g m o lek u ly a rlig i va ta rtib i............................................... 78 5 .5 . M urakkab reaksiyalar........................................................................................80 5 .6 . K a ta liz.K a ta litik reak siyalar...........................................................................82 5.7 . K im y o v iy m u v o z a n a t........................................................................................ 85 5.8 . K im y o v iy rea k siy a la rn in g m e x a n iz m i.................................................... 87 5 .9 . K im y o v iy ja ra y o n la r n in g so d ir b o 'lis h sh artlari................................. 89 6 .1 . E ritm alar k o n se n tr a tsiy a si............................................................................. 96 6 .2 . E ru vch an lik . E rish m e x a n iz m i...................................................................... 99 6 .3 . E ritm a la rn in g fiz ik -k im y o v iy x o ssa la r i.................................................. 101 6 .4 . E lek tro litik d isso tsila n ish n a za riy a si........................................................106 6 .5 . D is s o tsila n is h d arajasi................................................................................... 107 6
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6 . E le k tr o liz .............................................................................................................. 153 8.7. M eta lla r k o r r o z iy a si........................................................................................ 158 9-bob. D .I.M E N D E L E Y V N IN G DAVRIY Q O N U N I VA E L E M E N T L A R DAVRIY S IS T E M A S I 9 .1 . D a v riy s iste m a n in g tu z ilis h i...................................................................... 166 9 .2 . E le m e n tla r va u la rn in g birikm alari x o ssa la rid a g i d a v riy lik .......... 168 9 .3 . D a v riy ja d v a ld a g i q o n u n iy a tla r ................................................................... 170 10-bob. A T O M T U Z IL IS H I 10.1. A to m n in g y a d ro v iy tu z ilis h i.....................................................................172 10.2. Iz o to p la r , izob arlar va iz o to n la r ............................................................. 175 10.3. Y a d ro reaksiyalari........................................................................................... 176 10.4. A to m la r sp ek tri.............................................................................................. 179 10.5. N u r n in g kvant n a za riy a si.......................................................................... 180 10.6. K van t m e x a n ik a sin in g n azariy a so sla ri............................................... 181 10.7. E lek tro n b u lu t................................................................................................. 182 10.8. S h r e d in g e r te n g la m a si................................................................................ 183 10 .9 . K v a n t so n la r ...................................................................................................... 184 1 0 .1 0 . A to m e le k tr o n q avatlarin in g tu z ilis h i.................................................185 11-bob. K IM YO V IY B O G 'I A N I S H VA M O L E K U L A T U Z IL IS H I 11.1. K im y o v iy b o g 'la n is h n in g ta b ia ti.............................................................. 194 11.2. K o v a le n t b o g ' h o sil q ilish u su lla r i........................................................ 196 11.3. G ib r id la n is h n a za riy a si..............................................................................202 11.4. K im y o v iy b o g 'n in g aso siy ta v sifla ri..................................................... 2 0 6 11.5. M o le k u ly a r o rb itallar u s u li...................................................................... 208 11.6. I o n b o g 'I a n ish ................................................................................................. 2 1 6 11.7. Io n la r n in g q u tb lan ish i va q u tb la n ish darajasi.................................. 218 11.8. V o d o r o d b o g 'I a n is h ...................................................................................... 2 2 0 11.9. M e ta ll b o g 'I a n is h ........................................................................................... 221 11 .1 0 . M o le k u la la r a r o ta ’sirlar............................................................................ 2 2 2 12-bob. K O M P L E K S B IR IK M A L A R 2 .1 . V e r n e r n a za riy a si............................................................................................. 2 2 8 12.2. K o m p le k s b irik m a la m in g n o m la n is h i.................................................2 3 0 12.3. K o m p le k s b irik m a la m in g m o le k u ly a r tu z ilish in i a n iq la sh ....2 3 2 12.4. K o m p le k s b irik m a la m in g tu rlari........................................................... 2 3 4 12.5. K o m p le k s b irik m a la m in g e ritm a d a g i b a rq arorligi........................ 23 7 1 2 .6 . K o m p le k s b ir ik m a la m in g fa z o v iy tu z ilish i va iz o m e r iy a s i....... 2 4 0 1 2 .7 . K o m p le k s birik m alard a k im y o v iy b o g 'la n is h n in g ta b ia ti............. 241 II Q IS M . A N O R G A N IK K IM Y O 13-bob. B IO G E N E L E M E N T L A R K IM Y O S I 13.1. T a b ia td a b io g e n e le m e n tla r n in g ta r q a lish i........................................... 2 52 13.2. O d a m o r g a n iz m id a m a k ro - va m ik r o e le m e n tla r ..............................2 5 5 1 3 .3 . O d a m o r g a n iz m id a b io g e n e le m e n tla r n in g jo y la n is h i...................2 5 7 13.4. O r g a n iz m d a g i k im y o v iy e le m e n tla r n in g b io lo g ik o ' m i ...............2 6 0 14-bob. M E TA L LA R N IN G U M U M IY X O SSA LA R I 14 .1 . M e ta lla r n in g k im y o v iy x o ss a la r i............................................................ 2 6 3 14.2. M e ta lla r n in g stan d art e le k tr o d p o te n s ia lla r i q a to r i........................ 2 6 5 14.3. M e ta lla r n in g o lin is h u su lla r i..................................................................... 2 6 8 15-bob. S -E L E M E N T L A R 1 5 .1 . V o d o r o d .............................................................................................................. 2 7 0 1 5 .2 . S u v va u n in g x o ssa la r i.................................................................................2 7 4 15.3. V o d o r o d p e r o k sid i va u n in g x o ss a la r i.................................................. 2 7 7 15.4. I A gu ru h e le m e n tla r i.................................................................................2 8 0 15.5. II A gu ru h e le m e n tla r i.................................................................................2 8 7 1 5.6. S u v n in g q attiq ligi va u n i y o 'q o tis h u su lla r ...........................................2 9 5 16.1. S k a n d iy b irik m alari......................................................................................302 16.2. L a n ta n o id la r v a a k tin o id la r ...................................................................... 303 16.3. IV В g u ru h e le m e n tla r i.............................................................................. 305 16.4. V В g u ru h e le m e n tla r i................................................................................. 307 17-bob. VI В G U R U H ELE M E N T L A R I 17.1. V I В g u m h e le m e n tla r in in g u m u m iy ta v sifi....................................309 17.2. X r o m va u n in g birik m alari....................................................................... 3 1] 18-bob. VII В G U R U H E LE M E N T L A R I 18.1. V II В gu ru h e le m e n tla r in in g u m u m iy ta v s ifi..................................... 319 18.2. M a rg a n es b irik m a la ri.................................................................................. 320 18.3. T e x n e tsiy v a ren iy to'g'risid a q isq ach a m a ’lu m o t............................. 327 19-bob. V III В G U R U H E L E M E N T L A R I 19.1. V III В g u ru h e le m e n tla r in in g u m u m iy ta v s ifi............................... 3 30 1 9 .2 . T e m ir b irik m a la ri......................................................................................... 331 19.3. K o b a lt va u n in g b irik m a la ri.....................................................................3 39 19.4. N ik e l va u n in g b irik m a la ri.........................................................................3 40 20-bob. I В G U R U H E L E M E N T L A R I 2 0 .1 . IB g u ru h e le m e n tla r i, u la rn in g b irik m alari v a x o ssa la ri.............. 3 4 4 2 0 .2 . M is ........................................................................................................................ 3 45 2 0 .3 . M is n in g b irik m alari......................................................................................347 2 0 .4 . K u m u sh va u n in g b irik m a la ri..................................................................3 50 2 0 .5 . O ltin v a u n in g b irik m a la ri....................................................................... 353 21-bob. II В G U R U H ELEM ENTLAR I 2 1 .1 . R u x b irik m alari.................................................................................................358 2 1 .2 . K a d m iy ............................................................................................................... 361 2 1 .3 . S im o b va u n in g b irik m alari.....................................................................362 I I I.Q I S M . M E TA L LM A SL A R N IN G U M U M IY XO SSA LA RI 22-bob. I l l A G U R U H E LE M E N T L A R I 2 2 .1 . B o r v a u n in g x o ssa la ri................................................................................. 371 2 2 .2 . A lu m in iy va u n in g b irik m alari............................................................... 378 2 2 .3 . G a lliy g u ru h ch a si e le m e n tla r i................................................................ 382 23-bob. IV A G U R U H ELEM E N T L A R I 2 3 .1 . U g le r o d ................................................................................................................3 8 7 2 3 .2 . K r e m n iy .............................................................................................................. 3 9 9 2 3 .3 . G e r m a n iy , q a la y v a q o ‘rg‘o s h i n ............................................................ 4 0 5 24-bob. V A G U R U H ELEM ENTLAR I 2 4 .1 . A z o t ....................................................................................................................... 4 1 5 2 4 .2 . A z o tn in g v o d o r o d li b irik m a la ri............................................................... 4 1 7 2 4 .3 . A z o tn in g k islo ro d li b irik m a la ri............................................................... 4 2 4 2 4 .4 . N itr a t k islo ta va u n in g tu z la r i................................................................... 4 3 0 2 4 .5 . F o sfo r .................................................................................................................... 4 3 3 2 4 .6 . F o sfo r n in g oksidlari va k islo ta la r i........................................................... 4 3 7 2 4 .7 . M is h y a k ............................................................................................................... 4 4 3 2 4 .8 . S u r m a ................................................................................................................... 4 4 7 2 4 .9 . V is m u t..................................................................................................................4 4 8 25-bob. VI A G U R U H ELEM ENTLAR I 2 5 .1 . K islo ro d va u n in g x o ssa la ri..........................................................................4 5 6 2 5 .2 . O ltin g u g u r t................................................................•........................................4 6 0 2 5 .3 . S u lfa t k islotasi va u n in g x o ssa la r i........................................................... 4 6 8 2 5 .4 . O ltin g u g u rtn in g m urakkab k islo ta la ri.................................................... 471 2 5 .5 . S e le n , tellu r va p o llo n iy ............................................................................ 4 7 4 2 5 .6 . VI A guruh e le m e n tla r in in g tib b iy o td a g i a h a m iy a ti....................... 4 7 7 26-bob. V II A G U R U H E L E M E N T L A R IN IN G U M U M IY T A V SIF I 2 6 .1 . F to r ......................................................................................................................... 4 8 4 2 6 .2 . X lo r va u n in g b irik m a la ri......................................................................... 4 8 7 2 6 .3 . X lo r n in g k islo ro d li b irik m a la ri..............................................................4 9 0 2 6 .4 . B r o m ..................................................................................................................... 4 9 5 2 6 .5 . Y o d .......................................................................................................................... 4 9 7 2 6 .6 . A sta t.......................................................................................................................501 2 6 .7 G a lo g e n la r n in g o 'z a r o h o sil q ilg a n b irik m alari............................. 501 2 6 .8 . G a lo g e n la r b irik m a la rin in g tib b iy o td a g i a h a m iy a ti...................... 502 27-bob. V III A G U R U H E L E M E N T L A R I T A V SIF I 2 7 .1 . G e liy , n e o n va a r g o n ................................................................................... 508 2 7 .2 . K r ip to n g u r u h c h a si e le m e n tla r ............................................................... 5 0 9 K IM YO FAN I VA SA N O A T IN IN G IS T IQ B O L L A R I...................................... 511 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR....................................................................... 514 У ДК : 547(075) Б Б К 24.2я73 H akim Rahm onovich T O ‘XTAYEV Raxim A R ISTA N B EK O V Komiljon Aminjonovich C H O ‘LPO N O V S obiijon Nigm atovich A M IN O V A N
R G A N I K K I M Y O Oliy o'quv yurtlari uchun d a r s lik Toshkent — «Noshir» — 2011 Muharrir X. Po ‘latxo ‘ja yev Badiiy muharrir Sh. Odilov Musahhih B. Tuyoqov Texnik muharrir D. Xamidullayev Litsenziya A l № 096. 2 3 .1 1.2007-y. Bosishga ruhsat etildi 05. 08. 2011. Bichimi 60x84'/16. «Tim es TA D » garniturasi. Ofset bosm a usulida bosildi. Shartli bosm a tabog Download 5.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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