Associated professor Alimova M. Kh

Typological theory.

Typological operations are accomplished by typological theory, which are connected with establishing different etalon languages of linguistic investigations. It is also connected with description of different language universals, which may be described in different ways.

Typological theory is not limited. Every typologist may establish and suggest his own method. For example, German linguists Schlegel Fr., Humboldt W., Bopp F. and others established typological theory for morphological classification of languages. Bondarko A. V. and others established functional-semantic categories, Otto Jespersen and Meshchaninov I.I.(the Russian linguist,etnographer,academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences) created notional categories, Gulyga E.V.and Shendels E.I.(1969) worked out lexico-grammatical fields, Buranov J.B.proposed typological categories. All these methods are connected with the typological theory.

There are five types of linguistic typologies: phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical.

Phonetic typology deals with the comparison of units of phonetic level. It may compare units of related and non-related languages and studies the quantity of vowels and consonants, their articulation, presence or absence of some sounds, classification of languages according to the sounds' peculiarities.

One of the first representatives of the phonetic typology was E. D. Polivanov. He is considered to be the founder of the phonetic typology. Phonetic system of Turkic languages is studied by professor Sherbak A. M.(1994)

Phonological typology is a more isolated section than other typologies. It is one of the highly developed levels from the typological viewpoint. Phonological typology studies different phonological features, phonological universals ,it concentrates on phoneme inventories and on implicational universals. It classifies languages according to the common phonological features.
Nasal-non-nazal ; tonal-non-tonal; languages with initial stress -languages with final stress; languages with vowel harmony.
The founders of phonological typology are Trubetzkoy N.(1939), Jacobson R. (1941), Martinet A.(1961), Schmid S., Panov M.V., Shirokov O. S., Klychkov G.S.and others. Trubetzkoy N. created "The principles of phonology" which is the basis of phonological typology.
Phonological typology is more isolated than other typologies. It is one of the highly developed levels from the typological viewpoint. Achievements of phonological typology are distinguishing phonological universals, differential features studied by Trubetzkoy N. and mentioned above linguists.