Auxiliary verbs (to be, to do, to have) Present simple

21-savol. Reflexive pronouns
O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARI (REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS)

1. 
   O‘zlik olmoshlari my, your, him, her, it, one olmoshlariga selfni qo‘- shish, our, your, them olmoshlariga selvesni qo‘shish bilan yasaladi:
   

Shaxs	Birlikda	Ko‘plikda
I	Myself Yourself {Himself} Herself Itself Oneself	Ourselves
II		Yourselves
III		Themselves
One olmoshi		—

II shaxs birlik va ko‘plik uchun o‘zlik olmoshlarinung alohida shakl- lari bor:
Don’t hurt yourself, Peter! Piter, lat yemagin (shikastlanmagin!)
Don’t hurt yourselves, children! Bolalar, jarohat olmang!

1. 
   Ba’zi fe’llardan keyin o‘zlik olmoshi ishlatilib, shu ish-harakati egaga qaytishini bildiradi:
   

He defended himself bravely. U o‘zini jasurlik bilan himoya qildi.
She hurt herself. U shikast yedi.
Be careful! Don’t cut yourself. Ehtiyot bo‘ling, qo‘lingizni kesib olmang.
Go and wash yourself, Mary. Borib yuvinib olgin, Meri.

1. 
   O‘zim, o‘zing, o‘zi, o‘zimiz, o‘zingiz, o‘zlari deb tarjima qilinadi:
   

He bought himself a new coat. U o‘ziga yangi palto sotib oldi.
She spoke very little of herself. U o‘zi haqida juda kam gapirdi.
I’m not pleased with myself. Men o‘zimdan rozi emasman.
O‘zlik olmoshlari eganing ish-harakatni o‘zi bajarganligini ta’kidlash uchun, egadan keyin yoki gapning oxirida ishlatiladi:
I saw it myself. I myself saw it. Buni men o‘zim ko‘rganman.
He did it himself. He himself did it. Buni uning o‘zi qilgan.
You said it yourself. You yourself said it. Buni siz o‘zingiz aytdingiz.
They said so them selves. They them- selves said so. Ularning o‘zlari shunday deyishdi.


22-savol. Articles (a, an, the)
ARTIKLLAR ARTICLES
Artikllar mustaqil ma’noga ega bo‘lmagan yordamchi so‘zlar bo‘lib, otlarning aniqlovchisi hisoblanadilar. Ingliz tilida artikllarning ikki turi mavjud: noaniq artikl (the indefinite article) va aniq artikl (the definite article).
Noaniq artikl (a / an)
Noaniq artikl (a/an) “qandaydir bir” degan ma’noni anglatadi, ya’ni bir turdagi bir necha narsalardan qaysidir bittasi ekanligini bildiradi. O‘zbek tilida unga aynan mos keladigan so‘z yo‘q, shuning uchun u ko‘pincha tarjima qilinmaydi. Ba’zan bir, bitta, qandaydir kabi so‘zlar bilan tarjima qilinishi mumkin.
Quyidagi ikki gapni qiyoslang:
Bandargohga paraxod Paraxod bandargohga keldi. keldi.
Birinchi gapdagi paraxod so‘zi shu turga oid predmetlarning birini ifodalamoqda, ya’ni bandargohga keladigan paraxodlardan biri, lekin aynan qaysi biri ekanligi noaniq. Ikkinchi gapdagi paraxod so‘zi shu ma’lumotni (gapni) yetkazayotgan va uni tinglayotgan shaxslar uchun aniq narsani, ya’ni ular kutayotgan paraxodni ifodalayapti. Shuning uchun birinchi misoldagi paraxod so‘zi ingliz tiliga a ship tarzida, ikkinchi misoldagisi esa the ship tarzida o‘girilishi kerak.
Noaniq artikl faqat birlik shaklidagi sanaladigan otlarning oldidan qo‘yiladi.
Noaniq artiklning a shakli undosh tovush bilan boshlanuvchi otlardan oldin qo‘yiladi: