Bauman 2005-eng Blok To the Contestants and Guests of the

Programme of the Visit

The participants of the 17th European Union Contest

for Young Scientists will inspect the laboratories of gene

engineering, steroid biotechnologies, greenhouse,

collective usage centre “GM organisms safety control”,

artificial climate experimental setup. 

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Academic and Cultural Programme of the EU Contest

Paleontological Institute,

Russian Academy 

of Sciences

Information about the Institute

Paleontological Institute (originally called

Paleozoological Institute) was set up in 1930 as a part

of Biological Sciences Department of USSR AS.

Paleontological Institute is the only specialized

scientific institution in Russia that studies morphology,

taxonomy, and phylogeny of fossil organisms, laws of

formation and development of ecosystems and

biosphere in general, and develops models and

symptomatology of ecological crises of the past.

The Institute has more than 100 researchers on the staff.

The structure of scientific departments is built using

systematic approach, i.e. each laboratory unites

specialists according to a certain large group of

organisms (species, class, etc.). 

New independent branches of science have been

formed in the Institute (paleo-ecology, evolutional

morphology, Precambrian paleontology, formation of

skeleton organisms, bacterial paleontology). 

The Paleontological Museum – one of the three largest

and most famous in the world – was organized by the

efforts of the Institute members and is successfully

working nowadays.

The Paleontological Institute functions in close creative

cooperation with Lomonosov Moscow State University,

whose graduates form the backbone of the Institute. Its

members have many years’ creative links with scientists

from many other countries, and firstly, those of the Polish

Academy of Sciences, Universities of Australia, California

University (Berkley) and other universities of the USA,

Paris Paleontological Institute, Upsala University

(Sweden), a number of universities and institutes of

Great Britain, China, Germany, Italy, and Iran.

All the works of the Institute are based on richest

collections of fossils and some groups of modern

organisms, which took efforts of several generations of

Russian scientists to gather. This is not limited by the

exhibits of the Paleontological Museum but also

includes huge collections, amassed in the Institute

storage. There are over 5 thousand collections and over

a million exhibits, according to the registry. 

Perennial expeditionary researches, performed by the

Institute members on the territory of the former Soviet

Union, China, Mongolia, and other countries allowed to

gather splendid collections of paleontological material,

part of which is currently demonstrated in the Museum

exhibition. Four exhibiting zones of the Museum,

including six halls, consistently acquaint with the

mysterious world of ancient animals and plants, starting

with the most ancient and ending with those of the

present day. In each hall visitors can see not only groups

of organisms typical for certain geological period, but

also the most interesting faunal complexes. 

The new Paleontological Museum received its first visitors

in 1987. It has become one of the most prominent

scientific and educational centres in Moscow since then. 

Research Institutes 

of the Russian Academy of Sciences

100

•

Laboratory of structure-morphological researches;

•

Laboratory of diamond coatings crystallization;

•

Laboratory of physical chemistry of supra-

molecular systems;

•

Laboratory of surface effects in polymeric systems;

•

Laboratory of electronic and photon processes

in polymeric nano-materials. 

Institute of Mechanical

Engineering named after

Blagonravov, Russian

Academy of Sciences

Information about the Institute

The Mechanical Engineering Institute was founded in

1938. Its first director as well as one of the founding

fathers of the MEI was Academician Evgeniy Alekseevich

Chudakov, a prominent specialist in automobile theory.

Every automobile owner in the USSR knew 

E. A. Chudakov, because aside from researches in stability

of motion of automobile and other theoretical problems

he also issued educational – and very popular – books

on automobile design and working instructions. 

The second director of the MEI was an outstanding

scientist-armourer, owner of two titles of Hero of the

Soviet Union, Academician Anatoliy Arkadievich

Blagonravov, whose name is given to the Institute by

right. He is the author of the world known textbook on

the theory of automatic weapon. He used to be the

Head of the Artillery Academy, the Chairman of the

Space Commission. There is yet another less known

but probably more interesting fact that he was a

competent participant and creator of the famous

Kalashnikov assault rifle. It was Blagonravov who

summoned M. T. Kalashnikov from the hospital and

applied his knowledge to assist the young and talented

designer, who had practically no profile education at

that time that was necessary for designing and

calculations of such sophisticated machinery as

automatic weapon.

Since 1975 the Institute has been headed by an

outstanding scientist, RAS member Konstantin

Vasilievich Frolov, a most prominent specialist in the

theory of oscillations, vibration mechanisms and

technologies, vibroprotective systems, and “human-

machine-environment” systems.

A lot of prominent scientists used to work in the

Mechanical Engineering Institute: Academician

I. I. Artobolevskiy (theory of Machines and

Mechanisms), Academician Yu. N. Rabotnov (problems

of durability and afterflow of new materials),

Academician A. A. Bochvar, two times Hero of Socialist

Labour, Laureate of the Lenin and State prizes 

(physical metallurgy), Academician N. N. Davidenkov

(science of materials), USSR AS Corresponding 

Member V. I. Dikushin (machine-tool construction),

Academician V. O. Kononenko (mechanics),

Academician, a Hero of Socialist Labour A. A. Mikulin

(aviation engines), USSR AS Corresponding Member

I. A. Oding (physical metallurgy), Academician

S. V. Serensen (strength of materials and structures),

Academician B. S. Stechkin (aviation engines),

Academician A. I. Tselikov (prominent metallurgy

scientist) and many others. 

Today there are 4 main departments in the Institute,

whose scientific lines are: strength, safety, and durability

of mechanisms, headed by RAS Corresponding Member

N. A.; tribology (theory of friction, lubrication, wear)

headed by a distinguished scientist, Professor

Yu. N. Drozdov, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);

biomechanics, vibroacoustics, vibrotechnologies

headed by Academician K. V. Frolov; theory of machines

and mechanisms, robotics, mechanism synthesis

headed by Professor V. K. Astashov,  Doctor of Sciences

(Engineering). 

Besides there is a youth educational centre “UNIKtUM”

that represents the Mechanical Engineering Institute in

“Step into the Future” programme (the Centre is

headed by Professor L. N. Polilov, Doctor of Sciences

(Engineering).

Programme of the Visit

Besides the introduction conference on the history and

achievements of the Institute, which will be held in the

Museum, at the Exhibition, and in the Conference Hall

of the Institute, the participants of the 17th European

Union Contest for Young Scientists will visit the

following laboratories: mechanics of composite

materials, methods of measuring strain fields

(photoelasticity, holography, electronic speckle

interferometry), vibration technologies (vibration

tables), laser technologies (powerful lasers for cutting

metal after any desired pattern), ion-plasma sputtering

(creation of thin and precision coatings for friction

elements in space and aviation industries). 

The younger staff of the UNIKtUM Centre will receive

the guests. And offer to play billiards and table tennis.

Refreshments will be served as well.

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Academic and Cultural Programme of the EU Contest

A.N. Frumkin Institute of

Electrochemistry, Russian

Academy of Sciences

Information about the Institute

In 2005 the Institute of Physical Chemistry, RAS bearing

the new name of “A.N. Frumkin Institute of

Electrochemistry” celebrated its 60th anniversary.

Today the Institute is one of the leading chemical

institutes of RAS. Its history dates back further than the

date of its official foundation in 1945, when it was given

the name of “Physical Chemistry Institute”. Its actual birth

took place 70 years ago, when it was called “Colloid-

electrochemical Institute”. Its first Director was

Academician V. A. Kistyakovskiy – a prominent scientist in

the field of colloid chemistry, electrochemistry, and

corrosive processes. When he organized Colloid-chemical

laboratory in the Academy of Sciences in 1929 he thus

laid the foundation the Institute has grown upon.

During its lifetime the Institute was headed 

by  Academician V. A. Kistyakovskiy, Academician

A. N. Frumkin, USSR AS Corresponding Member

G. V. Akimov, Academician V. I. Spitsyn, RAS

Corresponding Member Yu. M. Polukarov. Scientific

departments were headed by outstanding scientists and

researchers: Academicians M. M. Dubinin, P. A. Ribender,

B. V. Deryagin, Corresponding Members N. A. Izgaryshev,

S. Z. Rogonskiy, K. V. Chmutov, A. K. Pikaev, Professor

A. D. Heldman and others.

Today headed by Academician A. Yu. Tsivadze, the

Institute carries out fundamental as well as oriented

fundamental researches in the following fields:

•

Colloid chemistry, physical-chemical mechanics,

adsorption, and chromatography;

•

Physical-chemical aspects of hydrogen power

engineering;

•

Physical chemistry of nano- and supra-molecular

systems and high-molecular compounds;

•

Radiochemistry and radio-ecological safety;

•

Physical-chemical aspects of corrosion and

metal protection;

•

Electrochemistry.

The success of present day researches rest upon the

unique experimental base. The Institute is able of

performing researches at a very high level, both

technical and methodical. In order to increase the

efficiency and convenience of work the Centre of

Collective Usage of Physical Research Methods was

created in the Institute in 2002.

The most advanced high technologies are based upon

the results of researches carried out along the

mentioned priority scientific lines.

Programme of the Visit

Within the framework of scientific and cultural

programme the participants of the 17th European

Union Contest for Young Scientists will learn about the

history of the Institute, the work of key scientists and

laboratories. They will also visit the following

laboratories of the Institute:

Research Institutes 

of the Russian Academy of Sciences

102

What is the European

Patent Office?

The European Patent Office (EPO) was created in 1977

with the aim of providing a centralised system for

granting patents in European countries and

rationalising the patent procedure. There are currently

30 member states in the EPO.

The EPO has three official languages: German, English

and French. You may file a patent at the EPO in any one

of these languages. The EPO is entirely self-financing

and is overseen by an administrative council

comprising representatives from the member countries.

At present the EPO has a staff of nearly 6700, with

offices in Munich, the Hague, Berlin and Vienna. If you

would like to know more about the EPO or patents in

general, the EPO has a stand at the Contest where they

will be happy to answer your questions. There is also a

patent awareness lecture during the Contest.

From School Project to

Licence Agreement – 

A Patenting Success Story

It all started when Karsten Weiss entered the 1997

“Jugend Forscht” (Germany's young scientist contest)

and won a top prize for his project on sensors and

conductive foam material. A senior official from the

veterinary office of the state of Baden-W_rtenberg

spotted a write-up of the project on the Internet and

wondered whether the technology involved could be

adapted to overcome problems encountered with

automated milking equipment. Karsten took up the

challenge and designed a machine that is capable of

reproducing the techniques of hand-milking. “Digikuh”

allows the user to measure the force applied on the

cow's teats at any given point and time, solving the

problem of ill-fitting devices that lead to discomfort

and infection.

The resulting apparatus won a second prize at the 1998

EU Contest for Young Scientists. The judges commented

that his project was a “fine combination of sensor

technology, electronics and computer software that

solved a real-life problem in a simply executed and

well-thought out way”. Karsten was given good advice

on patenting, and filed for a national German patent at

an early stage. As the project developed he filed for a

further national German patent to cover new aspects of

his invention, and then later still, filed for patent

protection around the world. As a result he has been

able to sign a lucrative exclusive licensing agreement

with a major agricultural machinery company, from

whom he also receives continuing support for both his

patenting strategy and further product development.

Asked if he had any patenting tips to pass on to young

scientists in the light of his experience, Karsten gave the

following advice:

•

File a national patent application as early as

possible;

•

Start looking for a licence agreement as soon as

you have filed your national patent application;

•

Take professional advice; at the very latest when

going beyond the national phase.

105

Academic and Cultural Programme of the EU Contest

Information about the centre

Mission Control Centre of the Russian Space Agency

controls the flights of spacecrafts of different types:

manned orbital complexes, space vehicles, unmanned

planetary stations, and artificial Earth satellites. At the

same time it works as a scientific and research

organization.

The Mission Control Centre dates its history from the

very beginning of the space era started by the first

artificial Earth satellite, launched in the Soviet Union on

October, 4. 1957. At first, it was a computation centre

that enabled the spacecraft control. Then in 1965 it was

transformed into a coordinating and computing centre

and served the flights of unmanned planetary stations

“Venera”(Venus) and “Mars”, “Soyuz” space vehicles and

“Salyut” space station, “Meteor” and “Proton” artificial

earth satellites and others. In 1973 the Soviet Mission

Control Centre was formed on its base as a part of

“Soyuz-Appolo” project. The “service record” of the MCC

includes serving the “Salyut”, “Soyuz”, “Progress” orbital

complexes; 15 years of uninterrupted work (1986–2001)

with “Mir” manned orbital station; supervision of

manned flights of international crews with pilots from

France, India, Syria, Bulgaria, Afghanistan, Japan, Great

Britain, Austria, Germany, European Space Agency, the

USA, and Slovakia; unmanned planetary stations

control – flights to the Moon, Venus, Halley’s Comet,

Mars and its satellite Phobos; assurance of flight of

“Buran” space shuttle; implementation of the

International Space Station programme.

Programme of the Visit

The participants of the 17th European Union Contest

for Young Scientists will learn about the work of the

MCC, watch the information channels transmitting data

from the International Space Station in real-time, and

take part in the communication session with the crew

of the ISS, working on the orbit.

Mission Control Centre

104

The European Patent office

The State Historical and

Cultural Museum-Reserve

“Moscow Kremlin”

The Moscow Kremlin is a symbol of the Russian state, one

of the world’s largest architectural ensembles, the richest

treasury of Historical relics, cultural and historical

monuments. It is situated in the centre of the capital on a

high hill above the Moscow-river. 

The Moscow Kremlin ensemble has been formed

during many centuries. And at present it holds the

monuments of architecture of XIV-XX centuries.

Primarily it  was a fortress, its powerful walls and

towers making the panorama of the ancient part of

Moscow, and there are golden-domed cathedrals,

ancient chamber-towers and chambers, great palaces

and main administration buildings on the Kremlin’s

territory. They form ensembles of Sobornaya,

Ivanovskaya, Senate, Palace and Troitskaya Squares,

Spasskaya, Borovitskaya and Dvortsovaya streets

of the Kremlin.

In 1990s, the architectural ensemble of the Moscow

Kremlin, its treasures, the Red Square and the

Alexandrovsky Garden were included into the Register

of particularly valuable objects of Russia, and later into

the UNESCO Register of the world cultural and natural

heritage. The museums located in the territory of the

Kremlin were reorganized into the State Historical and

Cultural Museum-Reserve the “Moscow Kremlin”.    

The State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve the

“Moscow Kremlin” was founded in 1991 on the basis

of the Moscow Kremlin State Museums. It is situated in

the centre of Moscow, on the territory of the Moscow

Kremlin. Historically the Moscow Kremlin was

a residence of power and at present there is a

residence of the President of Russia. It is a unique

complex of museums including the Assumption,

Annunciation, Archangel Michael Museums-

Cathedrals, the Church of the Deposition of the Robe,

the Patriarch’s Palace of XVII century and the

Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles, the ensemble of the

Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the State Armory - the

museum-treasury. A separate exposition, located in

the under-grill of the Annunciation Cathedral,

presents materials related with the Kremlin

archeology. The Kremlin museums hold unique works

of different genres of art, giving an idea of the court

ceremonials of tsars and religious figures. Buildings of

the museums are unique architect structures

of different schools and centuries, built by prominent

architects and craftsmen, which preserved

magnificent interiors of XVI-XVII and the middle

of XIX centuries. 

The State Armory Chamber

The State Armory Chamber – one of the first and

greatest museum buildings in Russia is a part of the

Great Kremlin Palace. It was built in 1844-1851 by an

architect Konstantin Ton in historical style as a part of a

new imperial residence in the Kremlin. As to the scale

and architectural appearance, the Armory is similar to

the Great Kremlin Palace. The Armory halls correspond

to the high status of the palace museum, the museum-

treasury: they are high, two-light on the first floor; they

are remarkable for their clear-cut and elegant volume-

spatial structure and individual decision of vaults. The

famous collection of Ton’s vaults is enriched here with

one more, very rare (unless unique) toroidal vault

above semi-circular ends of the building. 

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Academic and Cultural Programme of the EU Contest

Cultural and historic places

Patenting, The EU Contest

and Young Scientist

Competitions

Contestants in young scientist competitions should be

aware that their projects are their own property. The

legal term for this is “intellectual property”. It can be

protected by various means such as patents, copyright,

and registration of designs or trademarks. Of these,

patenting is perhaps the most relevant means for

protecting young scientists' projects.

Normally participation in a young scientist competition

leads to ideas “being made available to the public”.

Contestants should be aware that, in most cases, a project

which has been “made available to the public” before

filing a patent application, can no longer be patented. It is

also important not to make details of an invention

“available to the public” by other means, such as by press

releases etc. Even just discussing a project with someone

can count as making it available to the public. This advice

may seem rather late for many contestants, but it is hoped

that even if a patenting opportunity has been lost this

time, the lesson will not be forgotten!

All too often young scientists are deterred from

patenting by misconceptions about cost or how

complicated the procedure is. The cost of patenting is

meaningful only when compared to the potential

financial gain to be made from the patent. Contestants

interested in patenting should therefore investigate the

market and develop an idea of the commercial worth of

their invention. Enquiries should then be made into

national and international patenting costs, starting at

the information department of the national patent

office, generally costs break down into three areas:

those of the patent office(s), legal representation and

translations. 

Generally speaking, patent costs are low to start with

but increase with time. Whilst not usually obligatory, it

is recommended that contestants make use of a patent

attorney. Patent attorneys are highly qualified specialists

with a technical or scientific background who assume

much of the responsibility for processing the patent

application.

Finally, as well as looking into the financial value of a

patent, contestants should try to establish whether their

idea, or something similar, has already been patented.

Many national patent offices and patent libraries offer

assistance in this area. It is also possible to use the

Internet to conduct simple searches for patent literature

in the databases of national and regional patent offices.

The esp@cenet service of the members of the European

Patent Organisation is a good starting point for this.

For more information

The EPO or your national patent office will be pleased

to help you further at http://www.epo.org (which will

also provide a direct link into the national office sites).

If you do not have an Internet link, write to us at the

following address:

Directorate 5.0.1 European Patent Office

Erhardtstrasse 27 D-80331 Munich

The European Patent office

106

The Alexandrovsky Garden

The park was created in the first half of the 19th century

on the site of the river Neglinka, which had been put

into pipe. It is one of the most famous memorial parks

of Moscow intended to remind of the whole number of

most important events in domestic history. The

Alexandrovsky Garden was laid out by order of the

Russian Emperor Alexander I “the Blessed”, whose name

after 1814 was mainly associated with the liberation of

Europe from Napoleon. The Emperor ordered to lay out

the garden along the North wall of the Kremlin during

his stay in Moscow in 1820, when every citizen had the

only aspiration to revive the capital after the Napoleon’s

fire and destruction. Having started the lay-out of the

garden, the architect Osip Ivanovich Bove became

famous for ever among grateful Moscowers as one of the

main designers of a new, after- fire Moscow. There are

three alleys with garden furniture in the park as well as

ancient lamps, wrought gratings, the “Ruins” grotto and

the “Tomb of Unknown Soldier” memorial with the

Eternal Fire and the Guard of Honor. 

The “Ruins” grotto located in the main square of the

Alexandrovsky Garden became a famous memorial to the

victory over Napoleon and simultaneously to the revival

of Moscow after the great destruction and fire in 1812.

This grotto is not a simple decoration – it is a reminder:

wings of the grotto are paved with debris of Moscow

buildings, ruined by Napoleon’s army. Though long time

gave an “archeological” appearance to these stones, pieces

of columns, their capitals and even their floriated and

crocket decoration can be easily noted. 

The Tomb of Unknown Soldier is one the main military

memorials of the city set up in December 1966, when

the state was celebrating the 25th anniversary of defeat

of German-Fascists troops in the environs of Moscow. It

was intended to be a memorial for all fallen soldiers,

primarily for those whose names still remain unknown.

The burial place is marked with the granite headstone

with sculptural image of the laurel branch, the helmet

and the banner; the Eternal fire is burning in the centre

of the red star located above the headstone. It is

interesting that it was lit from the torch, delivered from

Leningrad, from famous military memorial complex

“Marsovo Pole”. On the right from the Alexandrovsky

Garden there is the Manege Square with a great number

of fountains and small sculptures. 

The Bolshoy Theatre 

The Bolshoi Theatre of Russia was established on March

26, 1776. In 1780 the founders of the troupe

constructed the first building of the theatre in Petrovka

street to seat the audience of 1000. After a fire, a new

building of the theatre was constructed in 1825 and it

was opened with the performance of the Prologue “The

Triumph of Muses” to music by A. A. Alyabiev and

A. N. Verstovsky. 

Operas and ballets by great Russian composers starting

with M. I. Glinka have been staged here. At the

beginning of the 20th century the Bolshoi Theatre saw

the triumph of F. I. Shalyapin, A. V. Nezhdanova and 

L. V. Sobinov, with S. V. Rakhmaninov leading the

orchestra and stage scenery created by artists A.I.

Vasnetsov and K. A. Korovin. Surmounting the pediment

of the Bolshoi Theatre is the impetuous horse-drawn

chariot of Apollo. This symbolizes the triumph of the

beautiful and the perpetual motion of arts and life.

The repertoire priorities of the theatre are given to

masterpieces of the Russian musical theatre of the XIX-

XX centuries and also to modern compositions,

promoting development of opera and ballet genre in

Russia. Compositions of domestic composers make up

70% of the theatre repertoire. Masterpieces of other

national opera and ballet schools have also been put on

the stage or are planned to be staged.  

The theatre maintains contacts between Russian

musical culture and foreign cultures, elaborate staging

standards for compositions of the Russian classic

school. Based on the latest achievement of musicology

and dramatic art, the theatre is striving for creation of

a new staging style for Russian operas, which would

become the standard for the whole world and would

permit to represent our classic on the world stages in

a worthy manner.  

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Academic and Cultural Programme of the EU Contest

Precious objects made in the Kremlin workshops and

presented by foreign countries’ Embassies, having been

stored in the Tsar’s treasury and Patriarch’s sacristy over

the centuries, laid the foundation of the museum

collection. The museum owes its name to one of the

oldest Kremlin treasure-houses. 

The Armory holds old state regalia, formal tsar and

crowning wear, vestments of hierarchs of the Russian

Orthodox Church, the largest collection of golden and

silver articles made by Russian jewelers, West-Europe art

silver, memorials of gunsmith, collection of carriages,

items of magnificent harness.

The museum presents approximately four thousand

memorials of arts and crafts of Russia, countries of

Europe and East of IV – the beginning of XX centuries.

Their highest art level and special historical and cultural

value brought world fame to the Armory.

The Diamond Fund

The Diamond Fund – a depository of rare precious

stones, masterpieces of jeweller’s art, the state power

regalia and honours, opened its expositions in 1967. Its

halls hold fantastic objects of abiocoen – gold and

platinum nuggets, the Urals semi-precious stones,

emeralds and diamonds, rubies and sapphires. The

Diamond Fund exhibition occupies two halls on the

ground floor of the Armory. The name of the “Russian

Diamond Fund” was given in 1922 to the collection of

historical values of Russia – highly artistic jewelry and

precious stones of rare size and beauty, – which was

chosen from among the Royal Diamonds of the former

Russian imperial court, having been kept before the

revolution in the Diamond room of the Winter Palace.

This collection is the greatest in the world, it is 150

years old. Within a short period of time the Diamond

Fund exhibition became famous and occupied a

leading place among museums of such kind in the

world. The exposition naturally does not present the

whole Diamond Fund, but only its best part: these are

valuables reflecting most fully the nature and variety of

this rare collection, especially remarkable with respect

to history, art and mineralogy.   

The Red Square

It is the oldest and the greatest square of the Russian

capital, the place of many historical events and

ceremonies of the Russian Orthodox reign. It is situated

near the East wall of the Moscow Kremlin. Sacred

objects of Russian people are located here, i.e. the St.

Basil’s Cathedral, the Kazan Cathedral, the monument

to Minin and Pozharsky, the Iverskaya Chapel.

The Red Square was a place for people to meet on

different occasions. Family trials occurred here, boyars,

merchants and officials met here to consider different

matters. For a long time the Red Square was a centre of

Moscow trade. It was completely cleared from trade

buildings after destruction and fire in 1812.       

On October 27 (November 9), 1917, the first battle to

establish the Soviet power in Moscow took place in the

Red Square. V.I. Lenin repeatedly spoke here; in 1924

the Lenin’s Mausoleum was constructed. There is a

necropolis near the Kremlin’s wall, statesmen,

representatives of international labour movement,

military leaders, cosmonauts and others are buried here.

In 1930-31st concrete rostrums were built along the

Kremlin wall, firs were planted and the Square was

cubed. The Red Square is a symbol of the capital, a place

of demonstrations, military reviews, mass festivities.

Many tours of Moscow begin in the Red Square.  

Cultural and historic places

108

stages, in variety shows and parks. During its lifetime

the Circus has presented more than a hundred

different performances, both with a plotline as well

divertissement ones with the best Russian as well as

foreign circus actors.

The State Historical –

Architectural,  

Art and Landscape

Museum-Reserve

“Tsaritsino”

The museum-reserve “Tsaritsino” was founded in

1984. Before 1994 it was named the State National

Museum. The museum-reserve “Tsaritsino” is a

multidisciplinary and multifunction establishment, its

main component parts being the historical and

architectural museum-reserve with the landscape park,

the art museum and the cultural and leisure center.

Unlike many museums-reserves, “Tsaritsino” is carrying

out research and development as well as educational

activity. At present regularly changing expositions made

up mainly from museum collections are open to public.

Concerts of music groups and performers of Moscow

are carried out in the Opera House.

Permanent expositions “Twenty years of Tsaritsino life

or a mystery of Ekaterina II” and “Tsaritsino - Moscow

Coliseum” are open to public. The museum-reserve

“Tsaritsino” is the only so large-scale architectural

ensemble of XVIII century in Russia built in pseudo-

Gothic style according to projects of architects

V. I. Bazhenov and M. F. Kozakov, including the

landscape park with pavilions, pergolas, grottoes 

and bridges of the beginning of XIX century –

(architect – I. V. Egotov).

The State Historical-

Architectural and Natural-

Landscape Museum-

Reserve “Kolomenskoe”

High above steep banks of the Moscow-river, in the

picturesque nature surroundings, there is situated the

ancient Kolomenskoe with villages – a unique

historical place, where sacred objects of Russian

people were created, appeared in the world, collected

and carefully saved during many centuries. Here on

the land full of legends and traditions, a small

museum was founded in 1923 on the basis of the

historically formed architectural ensemble of the

country estate of Russian grand princes and tsars,

having become in time a complex architectural, art

museum-reserve “Kolomenskoe”, occupying the

territory of 390 hectares.      

The first written evidence about Kolomenskoe refers to

1339 and is contained in the sacred charter of Ivan

Kalita. There are unique archeological memorials in

Kolomenskoe, in particular Cleric settlement, which

gave its name to archeological cleric culture. The

“Golden Age” of Kolomenskoe was the middle of XVII

century, when a rare beauty architectural ensemble of a

favorite summer country residence of Russian tsars

began forming. The most ancient memorial is the

Church of the Ascension (1532), being under

protection of UNESCO since 1994. Memorials of the

ancient Russian wooden architecture, brought and

saved in 20-50es, are of great value. There are

exhibitions of museum collections in some of the

architectural memorials. Many visitors are attracted by

music performances, populous celebrations and

festivals, which are carried out in the territory of

Kolomenskoe, boat voyages along the Moscow-river. 

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The State Tretyakov Gallery

The State Tretyakov Gallery is the National Arts

Museum of Russia and one of the world’s famous

museums. It was founded by Moscow merchant and

textile manufacturer Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov and

bears his name. In 1892 Tretyakov presented his

collection (approximately 1800 works of art) as a gift

to the city of Moscow and the Gallery became a city

museum. It was nationalized in 1918. In Soviet times

the collection increased up to 100,000 works of art

owing to funds of a number of abolished museums,

nationalized private collections, purchases, gifts of

Soviet citizens and foreign compatriots. All periods of

the Russian Art development from X till the beginning

of XX century are presented in its 62 halls. The

collection of Russian sculpture and graphic arts of

XVIII – the beginning of XX century is also exhibited

here. It should be noted that portraits showed in the

exposition of fine art of XVIII – the beginning 

of XX century form on the whole a representative

gallery of portraits of statesmen, scientists and cultural

workers of Russia. In 2006 the State Tretyakov Gallery

will celebrate its 150 anniversary.

The Bolshoi Moscow State

Circus on the Vorobyovy Hills

The Bolshoi Moscow State Circus on the Vorobyovy

Hills projected by Y. Belopolsky was built in 1971.

Although it is more than 30 years old, it still strikes the

visitors’ imagination by its technical facilities. They

include 5 interchangeable arenas: riding, skating, water,

illusionist, and light ones. The auditorium is an

amphitheatre 36 meter high and consisting of 23 rows

(3,400 seats). The five interchangeable arenas are

situated in a huge machine hall as deep as 18 meters.

The change of the arenas takes five to six minutes due

to the properly adjusted technical and electronic

equipment. One 13 meters in diameter circle is

lowered and then slides away, while another one,

motioned by “giant’s hand” takes its place and then is

lifted. Many performances of the Circus involve all the

five arenas. There is yet another – sixth – arena, used

for rehearsals. It is occupied from early morning till

late at night. It is here that the new programmes are

created and where actors warm up before the

performance.

The Bolshoi Circus on the Vorobyovy Hills has every

facility for creative work. Movie producers,

choreographers, musicians and artists assist the actors

in creating new programmes and performances.

Costumes and stage properties are made by special

studios. Several hundred actors who perform in

almost all the existing circus genres are currently on

the stuff. Many of them are Honour and National

Artists of Russia. The fact of their yearly participation

in the most prestigious international festivals and

competitions, where they often win prizes, is yet

another evidence of their high artistic and

professional level. Both the whole programmes as well

as separate numbers are regularly performed during

concert tours to more than 20 countries over the

world, and not only in circuses but also on theatre

Cultural and historic places

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Organiser's Office

The Holy Troitse-Sergieva Lavra

The largest Russian monastery, world-famous Troitse-

Sergieva Lavra was founded by Saint Sergius of

Radonezh approximately in 1340. During many years

the cloister of Saint Sergius of Radonezh occupied the

first place among all Russian monasteries due to its

influence, being the most important spiritual and

cultural centre of the country. The Troitse-Sergiev

monastery played an important part in overthrowing

the Tatar-Mongol yoke and joining Russian lands

around Moscow. Religious writers Epifany Premudry,

Pakhomy Logofet and Maxim Grek, painters Andrey

Rublev, Daniil Cherny and Dmitry Plekhanov, architects

I.F. Michurin and D.V. Ukhtomsky were working within

the precincts of the monastery. The Lavra has been

collecting for centuries a unique library of hand-written

and old printed books. Monks of the Lavra founded and

spiritually developed hundreds of Russian monasteries.

The architectural ensemble of the Holy Troitse-Sergieva

Lavra consists of remarkable monuments of

architecture of the 15-19th centuries. The Troitsky

Cathedral (1422-1425) is the oldest building in the

territory of Lavra, the holy relics of the Father-Superior

of Russian land, Saint Sergius of Radonezh are buried

here. Among its icons the Cathedral holds those painted

by St. Andrey Rublev. The Church of the Descendence of

the Holy Spirit on Apostles constructed by Pskov’s

builders in 1476 is also remarkable for its antiquity. The

impressive Cathedral of the Assumption was built in

1559-1585 by order of Ivan the Great. Near the

Cathedral there is a burial-vault of Tsar Boris Godunov

and members of his family. Hipped-roof Church of St.

Zosima and Savvaty Solovetsky near the Wards was built

in 1635-1637. The Church of St. Sergius with refectory

(1687-1692) is distinguished for its splendid decoration

in Moscow Baroque taste. Mikheevskaya (1734) and

Smolenskaya (1746-1753) Churches, as well as five- tier

Bell Tower (1741-1770) refer to monuments of church

architecture. As before, the Lavra is the main spiritual

and enlightening center of the Russian Orthodox

Church, hundreds of people are gathering here to bow

before the coffin of St. Sergius.

Cultural and historic places

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1. Natalya Y. Aksenova

2.  Galina G. Gourova

3. Russian Organaser’s Office

4. Darya A. Karpova

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Russian Organiser's Office

5. Svetlana B. Zavorotnaya

6. Olga V. Karpova

7. Darya T. Rakhmatbaeva

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1. Svetlana S. Kashina

2. Konstantin E. Demikhov

3. Michael Y. Ratsygin

4. Vladimir N. Shevchun

5. Kseniya A. Vinogradova

6. Svetlana Y. Rudyak

7. Tatyana V. Romanova

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1. Aleksey P. Bourdeiniy

2. Natalya I. Zenkevich

3. Anna V. Rousanovskaya

4. Igor B. Fedorov

5. Tatyana A. Slapogouzova

6. Tatyana Y. Sokolova

7. Alexander O. Karpov

8. Olga A. Perelygina

9. Anton M. Nikitin 

National Organisers  

EESTI