Block 7 Subject: Embryology Q’s with answers Case #1
Case #13 Subject: Embryology Medcloud™ Case #13
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Embryo Lesson 7 Cases
Case #13
Subject: Embryology Medcloud™ Case #13 Subject: Embryology The correct answer is G – 91% Impaired migration of neural crest cells is the underlying cause of Hirschsprung disease. Parasympathetic neural crest cells migrate in a rostral to caudal direction, from the foregut to the midgut to the hindgut. Failure of the neural crest cells to complete this migration typically results in an aganglionic distal sigmoid and rectum (i.e., without the myenteric and submucosal plexus). As a result, there is hypertonicity in the walls of the rectum and sigmoid, and the internal anal sphincter fails to relax in response to rectal distention. The net effect is intestinal obstruction and dilation of the colon (megacolon). The diagnosis is confirmed via rectal biopsy, which would show aganglionosis, increased acetylcholinesterase activity, and/or hyperplasia of parasympathetic fibers. Medcloud™ Case #13 Subject: Embryology A. Low serum T4 concentration - 0% Low free T4 and high TSH concentrations indicate congenital hypothyroidism, which may in rare cases result in abdominal distention, a delay in passing meconium, bilious vomiting, and dilated bowel loops due to an adynamic ileus (pseudo-obstruction). However, both the small and large intestinal loops would be dilated. Features such as macroglossia, umbilical hernia, hypotonia, delayed reflexes, cool mottled skin, and/or prolonged neonatal jaundice would also be expected. B. Ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa - 1% Ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa is seen in necrotizing enterocolitis, which can manifest with abdominal distention and bilious vomiting shortly after birth, However, an x-ray would typically show bowel wall edema, pneumatosis intestinalis, and/or free air within the abdomen (due to intestinal perforation). Also, patients typically have a history of bloody diarrhea (unlike this neonate, who has delayed passage of meconium), and the child would appear seriously ill with tachypnea and tachycardia. Moreover, this patient lacks the risk factors commonly associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, such as preterm birth and neonatal asphyxia. C. Jejunal vascular accident in utero - 0% Disruption of blood flow to the fetal jejunum is responsible for jejunal atresia, which can also present with bilious vomiting, abdominal distention, and delayed passage of meconium. However, symptoms usually appear in feeding infants within 24 hours of birth, and x-ray of the abdomen would show a triple bubble sign. D. Telescoping of intestinal segment into itself - 3% Intussusception, or telescoping of the proximal intestinal segment into the distal segment, is more common in males and may result in abdominal distention, bilious vomiting, and dilated bowel loops on x-ray due to intestinal obstruction. However, the small bowel would be distended (not the large bowel), since intussusception typically occurs at the ileocolic junction. Moreover, intussusception usually occurs between 5 months and 3 years of age; it is extremely rare in the neonatal period. Finally, blood in the rectum is often found on digital rectal examination, which was not the case here. E. Incomplete coiling of the intestine - 1% Intestinal malrotation can manifest within the first month of life with bilious vomiting and abdominal distention due to intestinal obstruction caused by Ladd bands or a midgut volvulus. However, x-ray would show a double bubble sign or multiple air-fluid levels proximal to the site of obstruction, in contrast to the distended descending colon seen in this patient Medcloud™ |
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