Block 7 Subject: Embryology Q’s with answers Case #1
Case #6 Subject: Embryology The correct answer is F – 42%
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Embryo Lesson 7 Cases
Case #6
Subject: Embryology The correct answer is F – 42% A distended abdomen and bilious emesis suggest an intestinal obstruction distal to the pylorus. A triple bubble sign on abdominal x-ray confirms the diagnosis of jejunal atresia. This malformation occurs due to a vascular disruption of the mesenteric blood vessels in utero, resulting in necrosis and segmental reabsorption of the intestine. The residual small bowel distal to the atresia may wind around the stalk of the ileocolic artery in spirals, resembling an apple peel (apple peel atresia). Maternal use of vasoconstrictive drugs (e.g., cocaine, MDMA, or cigarettes) increases the risk for this malformation. Medcloud™ Case #6 Subject: Embryology A. Necrotizing enterocolitis - 4% Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can manifest with abdominal distention and emesis. However, patients in the early stages of NEC also have diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and abdominal tenderness. Furthermore, this newborn lacks pneumatosis intestinalis on abdominal x-ray, which would confirm NEC. Lastly, NEC is most common in premature infants and usually occurs 2–4 weeks after birth, once oral feeding has been started. It would be rare for NEC to present within the first few hours of life. B. Duodenal atresia - 36% Duodenal atresia can manifest with abdominal distention, bilious emesis, and a prenatal history of polyhydramnios. However, abdominal x-ray would show a double bubble sign rather than the triple bubble sign seen here. In about a third of cases, duodenal atresia is associated with chromosomal abnormalities, especially Down syndrome, of which there are no signs (i.e., dysmorphic features) in this patient. Finally, maternal use of a vasoconstrictive drug (tobacco) during pregnancy makes another diagnosis more likely. C. Meconium ileus - 2% Meconium ileus can manifest with abdominal distention and bilious emesis due to ileal obstruction from the impacted stool. This diagnosis should be suspected if meconium fails to pass within the first 48 hours of life, whereas this newborn is only 6 hours old. Abdominal x-ray would show dilated loops of the small bowel above the terminal ileum, and rectal enema would reveal a microcolon. This infant's abdominal x-ray shows an obstruction more proximal to the ileum. D. Malrotation with volvulus - 8% Malrotation with volvulus can manifest with abdominal distention and bilious emesis due to intestinal obstruction from twisting of the bowel. Infants with midgut volvulus are usually acutely ill and present with hemodynamic instability and, in the case of perforation, signs of peritonitis (e.g., abdominal rigidity). Plain abdominal x-ray may be completely normal, reveal a double bubble sign (indicating duodenal obstruction), or demonstrate pneumoperitoneum (indicating perforation). This patient's history of polyhydramnios and triple bubble sign on x-ray suggest a different diagnosis. E. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis - 4% Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) can manifest with abdominal distention and emesis due to obstruction at the pylorus and maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and male sex are risk factors for the development of IHPS. However, the emesis is non-bilious and projectile and will not present until the pylorus has had time to hypertrophy several weeks after birth. A palpable, olive-shaped mass is also usually present, and abdominal x-ray will show distention of the stomach only. This infant's bilious emesis, age, and triple bubble sign suggest another diagnosis. G. Hirschsprung disease - 3% Hirschsprung disease can manifest with abdominal distention and bilious emesis secondary to obstruction from an aganglionic portion of the rectosigmoid colon. Failure to pass meconium for > 48 hours and a positive squirt sign would support this diagnosis. This patient is still within the expected time frame for meconium passage, however, and his gasless distal abdomen on x-ray suggests a bowel obstruction more proximal than the rectosigmoid colon. Dilated loops of the large bowel would be expected in Hirschsprung disease. Medcloud™ Case #7 Subject: Embryology A 10-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician by his mother because of difficulty feeding and frequent nonbilious vomiting. His stool is soft and yellow-colored. The pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios and results from chorionic villus sampling showed a 47, XY, +21 karyotype. Physical examination shows mild abdominal distention and normal bowel sounds. An x-ray of the abdomen with oral contrast is shown. The most likely cause of his condition is due to a defect in which of the following embryologic processes? A. Rotation of the ventral pancreatic bud B. Foregut septation C. Ganglion cell migration D. Duodenal recanalization E. Umbilical ring closure Medcloud™ |
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