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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
college preparatory mathematics. New York: CEEB.
National Advisory Committee on Mathematical Education (NACOME) (1975). Overview and analysis of school mathematics: Grades K-12. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989). Curriculum and evaluation stan- dards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1990). Algebra for everyone (edited by Edgar Edwards, Jr.). Reston, VA: NCTM. Robitaille, D. F. (1989). Students' achievements: Population A. In D. F. Robitaille & R. A. Garden (Eds.), The IEA study of mathematics II: Contexts and outcomes of school mathematics. Oxford: Pergamon. Swetz, F. (1987). Capitalism and school arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century. LaSalle, IL: Open Court Publishing Co.. Thurow, L. (1991, October). Public Investment. Paper presented at the Economic Policy Institute Conference on Public Investment. Washington, DC. Travers, K. J., & Westbury, I. (1989). The IEA study of mathematics I: Analysis of mathematics curricula. Oxford: Pergamon. Tufte, E. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (1990, 1991, 1992). Transition mathe- matics. Algebra. Geometry. Advmnced algebra. Functions, statistics, and trigonometry. Precalculus and discrete mathematics. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Usiskin, Z. (1987). Resolving the continuing dilemmas in geometry. In Learning and Teaching Geometry: The 1987 Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. Acknowledgements This paper is adapted from a talk given at a subplenary session of the 7th International Congress on Mathematical Education, (ICME-7) in Quebec City, August, 1992. I would like to thank my wife Karen for her help in organizing the talk. 326 CHAPTER 7 HISTORY AND EPISTEMOLOGY OF MATHEMATICS AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION edited and introduced by Rolf Biehler Bielefeld A theory of mathematical knowledge and its relation to individuals and so- cial systems, a theory relating the mathematical learning processes in his- tory within scientific communities to the learning processes and the knowl- edge development in individuals under conditions of schooling, would be quite helpful for the didactics of mathematics. This chapter is concerned with some aspects of this problem, and its papers refer to various referential sciences, for instance, to philosophy and history of mathematics and of sci- ence in general, sociology of knowledge and of education, or epistemology of mathematics. The papers have more or less a common concern underlying their episte- mological and historical analyses, namely, to overcome the isolation of mathematics and regard and teach it as a subject with broad relations to many other domains of human knowledge and activity. The mathematical problem and puzzle solver is not the model of the student aimed at; rather students should be encouraged to develop their personal relationship to R. Biehler, R. W. Scholz, R. Sträßer, B. Winkelmann (Eds.), Didactics of Mathematics as a Scientific Discipline, 327-333. © 1994 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 7 mathematics as part of culture and society. It has frequently been suggested that epistemology and history of mathematics should become a topic of mathematics education to foster mathematical metacognition and meta- knowledge on mathematics and its learning. For instance, Papert (1980) is a prominent advocate of the idea of children as epistemologists. NCTM (1969, 1989) are examples of classroom uses of history of mathematics. Up to now, actual classroom practice has seldom taken up these topics explic- itly, although epistemological problems are everywhere in the everyday classroom. However, direct classroom use would be only one possible prac- tical application of the research presented in this chapter. Its indirect signifi- cance through teacher education (see chapter 2) and curriculum design (see chapter 1) and its relevance for other domains of didactics such as psycho- logical research (chapter 5) is even more important, as has been convinc- ingly argued by, for instance, Steiner (1987). The "modern" concern of philosophy and epistemology of mathematics with the didactics of mathematics can be traced back at least as far as René Thorn's critique of the new math reform. His statement, "In fact, whether one wishes it or not, all mathematical pedagogy, even if scarcely coherent, rests on a philosophy of mathematics" (1973, p. 204), is one of the sources cited most often by mathematics educators who are arguing for an epistemo- logical and historical reflection on mathematics as part of the research do- mains of didactics of mathematics. However, Thom's belief is itself a reac- tion to the new math reform that was based fairly explicitly on a philosophy of mathematics rooted in the Bourbaki interpretation of mathematics as well as in set theory, logic, and work on the so-called foundations of mathemat- ics (Steiner, 1965a, 1965b). The reflection and conscious change or choice of the implicit assumptions about the process of didactical transposition to which philosophical aspects belong can be seen as part of the rationalization and theoretization of practical activity of preparing mathematics for teachers and students within didactics of mathematics. An early sketch of a research program in this area was formulated by Otte, Jahnke, Mies, and Schubring: 328 The didactics of mathematics requires a "philosophy of mathematics" in the sense of Thom for a series of fundamental issues: (a) questions regarding the relationship between mathematical abstraction and experience; (b) the difficulties involved in grasping the inherent regularity of mathematical research processes, which are directly relevant to the problems involved in a productive acquisition of mathematical concepts; (c) the complex relationships between mathematics and its applications in social practice, which play a multifaceted role within the discussion on the content and construction of a mathematics curriculum and its integration into general education; and finally (d) the problem of interrelationship between the theoretical system of mathematics and the contents and methods of mathematics instruction. (Otte, Janke, Mies, & Schubring, 1974, p. 6, translated, R.B.) ROLF BIEHLER For the interests of didactics of mathematics, it is particularly important that the history of mathematics is blind without epistemology and that the epis- temology of mathematics is empty without history. This is a famous dictum of Imre Lakatos that modifies a famous dictum of Kant. Internationally, the Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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