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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
pert rule in society. Those not in possession of mathematical competence
beyond what is used in everyday life will be excluded from influencing im- portant processes in society that have a considerable impact on their lives as individuals and citizens. If we want to stimulate a democratic development of society – as distinct from both an authoritarian and a populist one – the fostering of intelligent and concerned citizenship is of crucial importance. (Reflections along these lines form part of a strong tradition established in Denmark during the last 20 years, Niss, 1979; for recent contributions, see, e.g., Nissen, 1993; Skovsmose, 1992) I believe that I have argued, in this paper, for the key rôle of post-elementary mathematical qualifications for the exercise of such citizenship. Of course, it is neither realistic nor desirable to educate everybody to be- come mathematical professionals, "experts." It is, however, possible to pro- vide the common citizen with an insight into the nature of the experts' ex- 376 pertise, but at a cost. It should be a central purpose of mathematics educa- tion for all to be what in German – in the absence of an appropriate English word – is called allgemeinbildende, that is, having an educational value that is general and goes beyond the immediate and specific context in which it was established. What does it mean for mathematics education to be of a general educa- tional value? In contrast to the classical claims that mathematics has a spe- cial formative capacity of fostering and transferring context-free mental faculties such as logical thinking, precision in expression and language, a systematic attitude to problems, a sense of order and so forth (which is probably true to some extent), my emphasis is different: Mathematics edu- cation should be provided to everybody in order to give insight into "the general," by which I mean: the constitutive features of and the essential driving forces behind the development of nature, society and the lives of human beings. Insight into the general does not consist in facts and skills alone and for their own sake, but serves the acquisition of overview, knowl- edge and judgment of main patterns, connections and mechanisms in the world; the ultimate end being to create prerequisites for taking positions on and acting towards processes of significance to society and the individual. For instance, it belongs to the realm of Allgemeinbildung, in a macro-eco- nomic mathematical model, to be able to distinguish between and identify the economic assumptions, the mathematical components and their technical representation in a computer program. Generally speaking, it is, however, yet another non-trivial research task to determine the specific mathematical elements in general education. Even if we suppose that mathematics education should provide general education to the common citizen, the pursuit of this purpose presents us with severe problems. Perhaps the most important one is that many students will tend to refuse to receive it. This is due to the combined obstacle of the invisibility of mathematics in society and the fact that mathematics is a dif- ficult subject to learn, regardless of the approaches applied. So, the rele- vance paradox that exists on the social level is reflected on the individual and psychological level: If the importance of mathematics in society and in ordinary people's everyday lives is invisible to the individual, why should the individual bother to take the (often non-neglible) pain involved in learning mathematics? On the other hand, most youngsters know, as an em- piricial and sociological fact, that mathematical competence – even if for unclear reasons – is a key to attractive education and job opportunities. Therefore, large groups of students suffer from a paradoxical dilemma on the personal level that could be put as follows: "Mathematics is useless to me, but at the same time I know that I am useless without mathematics" (this version of the relevance paradox was provided by my colleague Jens Højgaard Jensen). MOGENS NISS 377 REFERENCES Booss, B., & Krickeberg, K. (Eds.). (1976). Mathematisierung der Einzelwissenschaften. Interdisciplinary Systems Research 24. Basel: Birkhäuser Booss-Bavnbek, B. (1991). Against ill-founded irresponsible modelling. In M. Niss, W. Blum, & I. Huntly (Eds.), Teaching of mathematical modelling and applications (pp. 70- 82). Chichester: Ellis Horwood. D'Ambrosio, U. (1985). Mathematics education in a cultural setting. International Journal Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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