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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Forgetting. Connections, once ready for use but not active over a longer
period, will fade away. Within larger layers or patterns of connections, this fading will hurt the weakest (the least or latest activated) parts first. Clearly, like a person's biography, such patterns have a "history" of activations and changes, and this, on the other hand, makes every reaction of the network a new and unique one. Forgetting as a "fading away," often with a desperate search for the miss- ing links or key parts, particularly when these had been "weak" all over, is a well-known feature. Consciousness and control. There is no central agent in the brain steering or supervising ongoing activities. The brain is self-organizing, a "society of mind" (Minsky, 1987). The processual regularities, which an observer may 143 REFERENCES Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Bauersfeld, H. (1978). Kommunikationsmuster im Mathematikunterricht: Eine Analyse am Beispiel der Handlungsverengung durch Antworterwartung. In H. Bauersfeld (Ed.), Fallstudien und Analysen zum Mathematikunterricht (pp. 158-170). Hannover: Schroedel. Bauersfeld, H. (1983). Subjektive Erfahrungsbereiche als Grundlage einer Interaktionstheorie des Mathematiklernens und -lehrens. In H. Bauersfeld, H. Bussmann, G. Krummheuer, J. H. Lorenz, & J. Voigt (Eds.), Lernen und Lehren von Mathematik. IDM-series Untersuchungen zum Mathematikunterricht, Vol. 6 (pp. 1-56). Köln: Aulis Verlag Deubner. Bauersfeld, H. (1988). Interaction, construction, and knowledge: Alternative perspectives for mathematics education. In D. A. Grouws & T. J. Cooney (Eds.), Perspectives on re- search on effective mathematics teaching (pp. 27-46). Reston, VA: Erlbaum. Bauersfeld, H. (1991). Structuring the structures. In L. P. Steffe (Ed.), Constructivism and education. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bauersfeld, H. (1992a). Activity theory and radical constructivism - What do they have in common and how do they differ? Cybernetics and Human Knowing, 1, 15-25. Bauersfeld, H. (1992b). Integrating theories for mathematics education. For the Learning of Mathematics, 12(2), 19-28. Bereiter, C. (1991). Implications of connectionism for thinking about rules. Educational re- searcher, 20(3), 10-16. describe, "emerge," they are global properties. The instant flow of global states controls itself through similarities and differences between global states, which require decisions between alternatives. Also, there is no issue like "knowledge" stored at any locations; "all knowledge is in the connec- tions" (Rumelhart, 1989, p. 135). Consequently, there is no arbitrary "retrieving" from "memory," as we know. And very little of the brain's processing is open to conscious control. There is no direct teaching of concepts, strategies, or "metaknowledge," since these are properties of (subjective) global states, which emerge from intensive experiences only (related to the culture of the classroom, to nego- tiating of meaning, and the active participation of the learner). And nobody can make up another person's internal global states. In particular, "if the world we live in is brought about or shaped rather than pregiven, the notion of representation cannot have a central role any longer" (Varela, 1990, p. 90). Apparently, the way our brain is functioning is nearer to practices of pragmatical adaptation like "tinkering" or "bricolage" (the French equiva- lent) than to ideals of abstract thinking, rule-guided inferencing and reflect- ing, or rational production, as a mathematician would like to see it. As Bereiter (1991, p. 13) says, "[Networks] do best what people do best – rec- ognize pattern and similarities. They work in the messy, bottom-up way that nature seems bound to. They approximate rather than embody rationality." We are left to rethink our usual convictions concerning teaching and learn- ing. 144 PERSPECTIVES ON CLASSROOM INTERACTION HEINRICH BAUERSFELD Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Cazden, C. B., John, V. P., & Hymes, D. (1972). Functions of language in the classroom. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College Press. Davis, P. J., & Hersh, R. (1980). The mathematical experience. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser. Davydov, V. V. (1991). The content and unsolved problems of activity theory. The Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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