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part of the milieu. Because of their social nature and their dependence on el-
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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
part of the milieu. Because of their social nature and their dependence on el- ements related to human behavior and ideas, they are not so certain and do not work in such a deterministic way as feedback coming from the physical environment. In one sense, the complexity of the milieu is increased. The Russian research trend can be interpreted as a way of organizing the "milieu" in relation to the content of the task. In some experiments (Rivina, 1991; Polivanova, 1991; Roubtsov, 1991), group work was organized by giving different subtasks to each partner – but these tasks were not independent, and students had to coordinate their solutions in order to achieve the whole task. The subdivision of the task was based on a content analysis of the task. This research may be perceived as an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the social interaction while relating it to the conceptual nature of the task. It was done on tasks in physics and in mathematics. 6. CONCLUSION: COMPLEXITY As a conclusion, I would like to stress the common flavor in all work on social interaction: In these studies, the focus is on the complexity of social interaction situations. Introducing a social dimension into a learning situa- tion contributes to an increase in the complexity of the situation by intro- ducing an additional problem to the mathematical one. My analysis shows that several elements may play a crucial role in the quality of the group work and in the subsequent learning outcome. 1. When working in small groups, students must be aware of the social demands of the task and of what these demands imply. They must attempt to meet these demands, and this awareness does not result in a spontaneous 156 WORKING IN SMALL GROUPS REFERENCES Balacheff, N. (1991). The benefits and limits of social interaction: The case of mathemati- cal proof. In A. Bishop, S. van Dormolen, S. Mellin-Olsen (Eds.), Mathematical knowledge: Its growth through teaching (pp. 175-92). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. Beaudichon, J., & Vandenplas- Helper, C. (1985). Analyse des interactions et de leurs ef- fets dans la communication référentielle et la maîtrise de notions, In G. Mugny (Ed.), Psychologie sociale du développement cognitif (pp. 125-49). Bern: Lang. Brousseau, G. (1986). Fondements et méthodes de la didactique des mathématiques. Recherches en didactique des mathématiques, 7(2), 33-115. Carugati, F., & Mugny, G. (1985). La théorie du conflit socio-cognitif. In G. Mugny (Ed.), Psychologie sociale du développement cognitif (pp. 45-70). Bern: Lang. Cobb, P., Yackel, E., & Wood, T. (1992). Interaction and learning in mathematics class- room situations. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 23(1), 99-122. Coulibaly, M. (1987). Les décimaux en quatrième: Analyse des conceptions. Mémoire de DEA. Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1, Laboratoire LSD2-IMAG. De A vila, E. (1988). Bilingualism, cognition and minorities. In R. Cocking & J. Mestre (Eds), Linguistic and cultural influences on learning mathematics (pp. 101-22). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Gallou-Dumiel, E. (1988). Symétrie orthogonale et micro-ordinateur. Recherches en didac- tique des mathématiques, 8, 5- 59. Garnier, C., Bednarz, N., & Ulanovskaya, I. (1991). Après Vygotsky et Piaget - Perpectives sociale et constructiviste. Ecoles russe et occidental. Bruxelles: De Boeck Wesmael. Grevsmühl, U. (1991). Children's verbal communication in problem solving activities. In F. Furinghetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifteenth PME Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 88-95). Dipartimento di Matematica dell'Universita di Genova. Grisvard, C., & Leonard, F. (1983). Comparaison de nombres décimaux, Bulletin de l'APMEP No. 340, September 1983, pp. 450-459. Hölzl, R. (1992). Interpretative Analyse eines Problemlöseversuchs im Zugmodus der Cabri-Geometrie. Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik, 4, 128-34. Hoyles, C., Healy, L. & Pozzi, S. (1993, February). Telling a story about computers, Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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