desire to minimize
test method effe
c
t.
Modem commercial textbooks usually adopt a multi
-
layered approach to syllabus
design focusing on grammatical and lexical components as well as the main skills in an
attempt to reflect the complex nature of language learning. On the surface, the four main
skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking may appear to be far more high profile
than the underlying "enabling" or subskills; nevertheless, if we actually look closely at
the textbook and the accompanying teacher's book, we may be surprised by the extent of
their focus on grammar. Furthermore
,
it is also worthwhile remembering that "it has to be
accepted that grammatical ability, or rather the lack of it, sets limits to what can be achieved
in the way of skills performance (Hughes, 2007: 173).
For many teachers
construct definition is tantamount to the course syllabus oroutcomes.
Most achievement tests used in language institutions, for instance, are based directly on
these outcomes and curricular objectives, and it is common to find a well
-
developed gram
matical syllabus in textbooks that forms the basis of grammar tests. These
syllabus
-
based
construct definitions enable teachers to directly assess students' mastery of a clearly defined
set of grammatical structures. In contrast,
theory-based construct definitions rely on theo
retical models of language ability, such as the aforementioned models posited by Canale
and Swain ( 1980) and Bachman and Palmer ( 1996). In addition, communicative language
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