grammatical knowledge
is
represented by the structures that he / she has accumulated over a period of time and are
stored in the person's long-tenn memory;
grammatical ability,
on the other hand, refers to
"an individual's capacity to utilize mental representations of language knowledge built up
through practice or experience in order to convey meaning" (ibid. p. 86).
HOW SHOULD WE ASSESS GRAMMATICAL ABILITY?
The notion of
communicative compete11ce
raises a critical question: Why is it necessary to
assess discrete grammatical items explicitly in a separate test when they could be tested
implicitly through speaking and writing test tasks? Surely Speaking and Writing are more
important than the individual abilities that constitute these skills.
Large-scale, internationally known and respected proficiency examinations, such as
the Educational Testing Service's
Test of English as a Foreign language
(TOEFL) and
Cambridge University's suite of ESOL examinations, are revised and updaled in light of
research and developments in the fields of Second Language Acquisition and Language
Testing and may therefore provide us with some insights into current thinking regarding
this issue.
At the lower end of Cambridge University's range of ESOL exams, both the Key English
Test (KET) and the Preliminary English Test (PET) assess the four main skill areas and do
not incorporate a separate grammar component. On the other hand, the higher-level exams
do contain a separate "Use of English" paper that, according to the First Certificate in English
(FCE) Handbook (2007), "focuses on the language knowledge structures or system(s) that
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