Chapter I. Reflection of the combination of national mentality and language through numeral components in numerological phraseological units on the material of english and uzbek languages

2.2 Antonymy in numerological phraseological units of English and Uzbek languages.
Phraseological units can have antonyms, which calls for a more expansive definition of the word "antonym". An antonym is actually thought of as a pair of languages having opposing meanings. Therefore, it is preferable to think of the event itself as an antonym. The antonyms should be referred to as lexical antonymy if they are words, phraseological antonymy if they are phraseological units, and lexical-phraseological antonymy if the phraseological unit is combined with a word.⁶¹ The combination of these three antonym forms is known as lexical antonymy, as opposed to grammatical antonymy.⁶²
Antonyms are one of the research components of the study of the meaning relationship of internal systemic relations of linguistic units in the linguistic phenomena and the plan of synchronicity that are taken into consideration in phraseology. Phraseological antonym analysis exposes a phraseological unit's structural meaning and stylistic characteristics. Understanding many phenomena, such as the existence of phraseological unit variability and synonym relations, is aided by an understanding of antonymy and phraseologies. One of the forms of meaningful communication that arises when one or more words, or a group of words, oppose the dependent component of the meaning is the antonym.⁶³ For instance, the idioms "work one's fingers to the bone" (do not work, sit without work) and "twiddle one's thumbs" express the same thing when used in opposition: a person's attitude toward labor. However, only the first instance denotes full workmanship, while the second case denotes a state of complete nonworking.
Phraseological antonymy is distinct from lexical antonymy and has unique properties. When expressing situations in which the sign can be shown in degrees, it is permissible to identify intermediate phraseological units between both sides of the sign (positive-negative). In English, A.B. Kunin differentiated the following semantic categories of phraseological antonyms:
1) Phraseological units that are "start-finish" in nature, such as "put something on foot" (start something), "get the ball rolling" (take the first step), and "ring down the curtain" (put an emphasis on something).
The existence of the meaning "keep the ball rolling" (continue something) between these two meanings is a sign that the meaning is being presented in stages.
2) "Action and end of action" antonym pairs: relax your purse strings (act charitably) - tighten your purse strings (act stupidly).
3) Units that stand for concepts like "good-bad," "right-wrong," and "conscientiously-unscrupulously": go to the correct store (go the right route) versus go to the wrong store (go the wrong way).
4) Phraseological units of the "big-small" variety: units denoting quantity: as plentiful as blackberries (abundant)- as rare as hen's teeth;
Units for measuring distance include: as heavy as lead - as light as flight; at close range, cheek to jowl, at the elbow, and under the nose (near); and a distant cry from (far, far away). Symbols for abstract characters: Herculean undertaking (hard, hard work) vs. child's play (light, momentous work);
5) There are many antonyms that can be found, including those that mean affluent or poor, attractive or ugly, expressive or suggestive of someone's mood, or showing emotional or intellectual traits. For instance, "rough as bags" (obviously rough) - excellent humor; "an eager beaver" (quick, diligent) - docile (slow) cat.⁶⁴
Phraseological antonyms might or might not match the language's lexical structure. It is possible that the antonyms fair play and bad play, with a sad heart and with a light heart, as delicate as a lamb and as hard as nails, and so on, were used in both circumstances.
Similar to phraseological synonyms, phraseological antonyms may be inherent in one style or several styles.⁶⁵ If we simply look at the antonym of phraseologies particular to the colloquial style: Phraseological antonyms, typical of one style, do not differ from each other by their expressive-emotional features. terrible reputation (ignored) vs. high-reputation (good reputation); able to work when in commission and incapable of working when out of commission; An alternative word for neuronal phrasal units modernize (bring up to date) - become obsolete.
It varies from other similar expressions in that it can be applied to expressions with various functional styles if such expressions include phraseological antonyms. For instance, the unit of keep one's chin up (not to be discouraged) enters into an antonymous relationship with the general unit of lose heart (despair), which is indicative of the conversational style. Alternatively, enter the world with a literary unit and "kick the basket" to the next (better) realm. Bad egg is a slang term for a nasty, low man. There may be an antonymous relationship between the phrase "good nature (white soul)" and common phraseology. Phraseological antonyms are included in the rows, slots, and groups of antonyms.⁶⁶ Units with both the antonymous and common components are included in the composition of the antonymous slots: being quick to grasp something and making an educated guess versus being slow to grasp something and making no educated assumption; With a bad grace (compliment) - with a nice grace (kindness); arrive to the right shop - come to the wrong shop (to walk the wrong route). Only those units that have antonym components are included in the construction of the antonym series: As sober as a judge (sober) and as drunk as a lord (drunk), to smb.'s face (frankly, in the face), and behind smb.'s back (behind), respectively.
Since a certain number of expressions can emerge in phraseological antonyms, these antonym rows are distinguished from one another, accordingly, by the following differential characters:⁶⁷
1) The antonymic series' compositional structure;
2) Internal relationships among the antonymic series' component parts;
3) The quantity of an antonymic series' components;
The study of antonym phenomena provides the foundation for a larger comprehension of English phraseologies and a broader explanation of their semantic stylistic relations, it can be emphasized in place of the conclusion. Phraseological units are characterized by antonymic and synonymic linkages. We can create phraseological units' spiritual paradigms and interpret their semantic meaning, expressing their stylistic quirks, because of this interaction between meanings.
Such a structure of phraseological units in Russian correlates to common antonyms' paradigmatic qualities, such as symmetry of meaning, stylistic and emotional congruence, lexical compatibility, and the presence of contextual relationships. The idea of compatibility with the same word applies to both lexical units with opposing meanings and antonymic words that are parts of phraseological units. Phraseological units' lexical makeup may match that of conventional free phrases. This phenomenon is common in phraseology, as one pair of antonyms can serve as the foundation for the antonymy of multiple pairs of phraseological units, such as get into a rut - get out of a rut, gain your mind - lose your mind, turn your back - turn your face, put you in a dead end - get out of a dead end, and so on. The synonymic-antonymic paradigms of words come into play when opposite components of phraseological units are subjected to a synonymic replacement.⁶⁸ Here are few instances: standing on the wrong (bad) path versus standing on the right (good) way, having a loaded pocket versus having an empty (slim, thin) pocket, etc.
The meaning of the components of phraseological units is determined by opposition and the structure of phraseological semantics, and the opposite components of phraseological units are comparable to free phrases and their paradigms.
The degree of semantic integrity, which relates to the number of oppositions of the associative plan that are preserved in the constituent parts of the phraseological unit, can be used to distinguish phraseological units from words with similar lexical meanings.
The structure of a phraseological unit's meaning can be ascertained by an analysis of phraseological units that takes into account the lexical meanings of terms. One can see that antonymic aspects in the meaning of phraseological units are explained by the antonymy of the semantics of lexical units by contrasting phraseological antonyms with words identical in meaning to them. Strong side and weak side are two antonymous phraseological units that stand out in terms of semantics just like analogous verbs and metaphors do with full pocket and empty pocket, for instance.
Words are also opposed when phraseological components are, therefore in this instance, we can discuss relations of symmetrical motivation. Each of the opposing phraseological elements also has a meaning that relates to the motivating premise. It should be noted that phraseological units include the nearly unchanged figurative meaning of phrases like "cold blood" and "hot blood," among others. It doesn't come out of the head - it doesn't come out of the head; trample in the mud - trample in the mud; get a hat - get a hat are some examples of antonyms whose meanings differ equally.
The importance of thematically connected sections of various phraseological units is demonstrated by the similarity of the lexical makeup of phraseological units with similar semantic proximity. Such connected word-components can serve as phraseological units' semantically supporting words.⁶⁹ They are associatively close to the symbolic meanings of words with similar sounds and to the typical ways in which those meanings are transferred. The correspondence in the structure of phraseological units is also determined by this consistency in the employment of the same sort of meaning transfer throughout an entire collection of words with similar semantic associations.
However, the bulk of antonyms' lexical opposition does not always contribute to the establishment of opposition in phraseological units. Because of this, it is impossible to determine the decomposability or incomposability of phraseological units into semantic constituents solely on the basis of thematic connections between sections of phraseological units with opposing interpretations. It is typically necessary to compare the meanings of the words that make up a phraseological unit with those of similar lexemes as well as with those of other phraseological units.
A money bag - not a penny for a soul, a beaten hour - a matter of minutes, a tongue without bones - as if swallowed the language, etc. are examples of antonymous phraseological units that use words from one thematic group; however, they differ from antonymous phraseological units with a lexical composition that is unique to them, such as: the devil in the middle of nowhere is within earshot. The motivation for the meanings of phraseological units in the Russian language can thus be ascertained by comparing the words that make up a phraseological unit with the meaning of a similar lexeme and by comparing it to other phraseological units. On the basis of lexical antonymy, one can research how phraseological units interact with words and how lexical antonymy contributes to the development of phraseological antonymy.
Antonymy plays a prominent role in numerological phraseological units and is critical for conveying contrasting ideas and emotions using numbers and symbols. Therefore, the use of antonyms such as "dark" and "light" or "heaven" and "hell" in the expression of numerical phrases serves to evoke powerful meanings and emotions as these words carry deep symbolic significance. As the linguist Y. L. Chan stated, "Numerical units serve as a comprehensive concise system of ideas and values" (Chan, 1993). Future research could provide insight into cross-cultural communication and lead to a better understating of how numerical antonyms are used in language acquisition. The study of antonymy in numerological phraseological units can illuminate the imaginative ways we use language to convey various meanings and emotions using numeric language.
In conclusion, antonymy is a significant aspect of numerological phraseological units, as it allows for the expression of contrasting ideas and emotions through the use of numbers and symbols. Antonyms such as "day" and "night", or "good" and "evil" are often used in combination with numbers to create powerful and evocative phrases. While the meanings of numerical expressions and their antonyms may be culturally and contextually dependent, they provide a unique lens into the imaginative ways we use language to convey meaning. Further research into the use of antonyms in numerological phraseological units could shed light on language acquisition and provide avenues for cross-cultural communication.