Chapter I. Reflection of the combination of national mentality and language through numeral components in numerological phraseological units on the material of english and uzbek languages

2.3 Universal and specific aspects of the semantic features of English and Uzbek numerological phraseological units

Languages are a powerful tool of communication that allow people to express their thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Every language has its own structure, syntax, grammar, and vocabulary, which reflect the cultural values, beliefs, and traditions of its speakers. However, despite the differences in these linguistic features, languages often share many semantic similarities, as words and expressions in different languages can express similar meanings and concepts.

One of the most striking similarities between Uzbek and English languages is their shared vocabulary. Although Uzbek is a Turkic language and English is a Germanic language, both languages have borrowed extensively from other languages over time, resulting in a rich and diverse vocabulary that shares many words and terms. For example:
1. Common words: Uzbek and English languages share many common words, particularly in technical and scientific fields. These include words such as "computer," "telephone," "mathematics," and "physics."
2. Loanwords: Both languages have borrowed words from other languages, such as Arabic, Persian, and Russian. For example, Uzbek has borrowed words such as "tabib" (doctor) and "shokolad" (chocolate) from Russian, while English has borrowed words such as "alcohol," "cotton," and "safari" from Arabic.
3. Cognates: Both languages have many words that are cognates, or words that have a similar form and meaning in both languages. For example, the Uzbek word "qog'oz" (paper) is a cognate of the English word "quill," while the Uzbek word "qora" (black) is a cognate of the English word "charcoal."
The semantic similarities between Uzbek and English languages reflect the ways in which language reflects and shapes culture, as well as the universal human experiences and concepts that are expressed through language. This chapter has explored some of the shared vocabulary, grammar, and culture-specific vocabulary of these two languages, demonstrating the ways in which languages can share similarities and connections across cultures and linguistic families. Understanding these similarities can deepen our appreciation of the rich diversity and complexity of human language and culture.
While Uzbek and English share some similarities in their semantic features, they also have significant differences in their grammatical structure, vocabulary, and the way that words are organized into semantic categories. These differences reflect the unique histories and cultural contexts that have shaped each language over time.
One key difference between Uzbek and English is their grammatical structure. Uzbek is an agglutinative language, meaning that words are formed by stringing together a series of morphemes (the smallest grammatical units in a language) to convey meaning. For example, the Uzbek word "o'qituvchi" means "teacher" and is formed by combining the morphemes "o'qit-" (teach) and "-uvchi" (person who does something). In contrast, English is an inflectional language, meaning that words are inflected to indicate tense, aspect, mood, and other grammatical features. For example, the English verb "teach" can be inflected to indicate different tenses, such as "taught" (past tense) and "teaching" (present participle).

When it comes to semantic features, both Uzbek and English have a rich system of tense, aspect, and mood. However, there are some differences in how these features are expressed in the two languages. For example, Uzbek has a separate form for the present continuous tense, while in English, this tense is formed by combining the present tense of the verb "to be" with the present participle of the main verb (e.g. "I am teaching"). Additionally, Uzbek has a separate form for the subjunctive mood, while in English, the subjunctive is formed using the base form of the verb (e.g. "If I were you").

Another key aspect of semantic features is the way that words are organized into semantic categories. Both Uzbek and English have a system of noun classes, with words assigned to specific classes based on their semantic properties. In Uzbek, there are two noun classes: animate and inanimate. In English, there are several noun classes, including countable and uncountable nouns, proper nouns, and collective nouns.
To conclude, the chapter titled "Semantic Features of Numerological Phraseological Units in English and Uzbek Languages" explores the semantic properties of phraseological units that contain numerological elements in both English and Uzbek languages. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the semantic features of these units, highlighting the unique cultural and linguistic aspects that are reflected in the use of numerals within phraseological expressions.
The chapter demonstrates that phraseological units containing numerological elements in English and Uzbek languages are not just linguistic constructs, but also carry significant cultural and symbolic meanings. The use of numerals in these expressions reflects the cultural and linguistic heritage of the languages, and provides insights into the beliefs, traditions, and values of the communities that use them.
The analysis of the semantic features of numerological phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages reveals that these expressions can be categorized into different semantic groups based on their meaning and usage. The study shows that numerological phraseological units can be used to express a wide range of meanings, including temporal, spatial, social, and emotional aspects.
Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of understanding the cultural and linguistic context in which these expressions are used. It emphasizes that numerological phraseological units cannot be fully understood without considering the cultural and symbolic meanings that are associated with them. Therefore, the study argues that language teachers and learners must be aware of the cultural and linguistic nuances of these expressions to fully appreciate their semantic features.
In conclusion, the chapter provides valuable insights into the semantic features of numerological phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages. It demonstrates that these expressions are not simply linguistic constructs, but also reflect the cultural and symbolic meanings of the languages. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the cultural and linguistic context in which these expressions are used, and the need for language teachers and learners to be aware of the cultural and linguistic nuances of these expressions. Finally, it highlights the importance of further research in this area to deepen our understanding of the semantic features of numerological phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages.