Chapter I. Reflection of the combination of national mentality and language through numeral components in numerological phraseological units on the material of english and uzbek languages

1.1. Logical and linguistic relationship of the category of quantity.

In logic, the category of quantity is related to the concepts of whole and part. A quantity refers to the amount of something, and this amount can be measured in terms of its constituent parts. For example, the quantity of a pizza is determined by the number of slices it has. Similarly, the quantity of a liquid in a container is determined by the volume of the container and the amount of liquid it can hold.

Quantities can be compared and related to one another in various ways, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, if you have two pizzas, each with eight slices, then the total quantity of pizza slices is 16. If you eat four slices from one pizza, then the remaining quantity of pizza slices is 12.
In language, the category of quantity is expressed through various words and phrases, such as "few," "many," "some," "most," "all," and so on. These words and phrases indicate the amount or measurement of something, and they can be used to make comparisons and describe relationships between quantities.
For example, if you say "I have a few books," you are indicating a small quantity of books, whereas if you say "I have many books," you are indicating a larger quantity. Similarly, if you say "Most of the students passed the test," you are indicating a majority or a high quantity of students who passed the test.
In addition to words and phrases, quantities can also be expressed through numerical values, such as "three apples" or "five liters of water." These expressions of quantity are essential for communication and understanding in many different contexts, from everyday conversations to scientific research.
In logic, the category of quantity is related to the concepts of identity and equivalence. Quantities can be used to distinguish one thing from another, or to show that two things are the same or equivalent. For example, if you have a bag of five apples and a bag of six apples, you can distinguish between them based on their quantities. Similarly, if you have two bags of five apples each, you can show that they are equivalent in quantity.
Quantities can also be used to express ratios and proportions between different things. For example, if you mix one part sugar with two parts water, you are expressing a ratio of 1:2. If you have a recipe that calls for a certain proportion of ingredients, you can use quantities to measure out the correct amounts.
In language, the category of quantity is expressed through a variety of words and phrases that indicate the amount or measurement of something. These words and phrases can be used to make comparisons, describe relationships, and convey information about size, scale, and quantity.
In addition to the words and phrases already mentioned, there are many other ways to express quantities in language. For example, you might use words like "couple," "pair," or "duo" to refer to a small quantity of things, or words like "multitude," "abundance," or "plethora" to refer to a large quantity. You might also use expressions like "half," "quarter," or "third" to indicate a fractional quantity.
Quantities can also be expressed through units of measurement, such as meters, grams, liters, or seconds. These units provide a standardized way to express quantities and make it easier to compare and communicate information about different things.
Overall, the logical and linguistic relationship of the category of quantity is essential for our understanding and communication of the world around us. It allows us to measure, compare, and describe things in a precise and meaningful way, and to make sense of the relationships between them.
In logic, the category of quantity is related to the concepts of quantity theory and mathematical modeling. Quantity theory is concerned with the relationships between quantities of different things, and how they affect one another. For example, economists use quantity theory to study the relationships between money supply, prices, and economic growth.
Mathematical modeling involves using quantities to create models of real-world phenomena. For example, a model of the spread of a disease might use quantities like the number of infected individuals, the rate of transmission, and the effectiveness of treatment to predict how the disease will spread over time.
Quantities can also be used to express probabilities and statistical distributions. For example, if you roll a six-sided die, the quantity of possible outcomes is six, and the probability of rolling any one of those outcomes is 1/6.
In language, the category of quantity is expressed through a variety of words and phrases that indicate the amount or measurement of something. These words and phrases can be used to convey information about size, scale, and quantity in a wide range of contexts.
In addition to the words and phrases already mentioned, there are many other ways to express quantities in language. For example, you might use words like "sparse" or "dense" to describe the quantity of objects in a particular space. You might also use expressions like "slightly," "moderately," or "significantly" to describe the degree or intensity of a particular quantity.
Quantities can also be expressed through comparisons and analogies. For example, you might say that a particular quantity is "as big as a house," or "smaller than a breadbox." These types of comparisons can help to convey information about quantity in a vivid and memorable way.
Overall, the logical and linguistic relationship of the category of quantity is essential for our understanding and communication of a wide range of phenomena, from everyday experiences to scientific research. It provides a powerful tool for measuring, comparing, and describing the world around us, and for making sense of the relationships between different quantities.
Since quantity and quality are universal categories of existence and thus among the core concepts in philosophy, they are immensely important ontological categories. Being the fundamental categories of dialectics, quantity and quality are present in all social processes. This explains their importance in the theoretical explanation of the evolution of human society, in the fundamental qualitative changes occurring in diverse spheres of public life, and in the dynamism of the social process on a global scale.
According to Plotinus "the multiplicity of the thinking elements yields the category of quantity and number, and their diversity gives the category of quality. These principles, or the highest categories, give rise to the subsequent ones, as well as to all types and kinds of things"¹⁶. These categories indicate the elements that synthesize the outcomes of sensory cognition of the diversity of reality in the human mind since an item is always the unity of a specific quality and quantity (the qualitative quantity and quantitative value of quality).
The concept of quality serves as the foundational stage of human cognitive function. When people began making and using certain objects, they became aware of their intrinsic properties and the logical category of quality was created.
Since all types and forms of matter exhibit quantitative definiteness, the category of quantitativeness is one of the fundamental categories of human thought. A thing's quantitative definition can describe both its internal nature and its exterior characteristics, such as magnitude. (weight, heat capacity, etc.). Reality's actual items can be shown in both a single quantity and a multitude. One of the most significant ontological categories that permeates every aspect of human existence, the category of quantitativeness is also a mental phenomenon. It is the outcome of human cognition of the quantitative definiteness of the real world and active classification activity of human thought, as well as the reflection of objective quantity in consciousness and its conceptual analogue.
The study of the category of quantitativity has roots in classical philosophy and was originally discussed in Aristotle's writings. Hegel expanded on ancient customs and introduced the ideas of amount, measure, and intensity, all of which fall within the category of quantity and have since gained popularity in both philosophy and linguistics.
Language researchers have continued to study the amount category. In the early works of linguistics, researchers struggled to find linguistic ways to communicate quantitative meaning and reflect the category of quantitativeness in language. Each layer of the language structurevocabulary, word formation, morphology, and syntaxis occupied by the concept of quantitativeness.
Maslova states that "the picture of the world can be presented by means of spatial, temporal, quantitative, ethical and other parameters".¹⁷
Numerous complex variables affect the choice of number forms, including: cognitive (referential and non-referential use, type, gender, class values, use in generic utterances, etc.); denotative (correlation with the actual number of discrete objects); systemic (formal syntactic subordination, etc.); and pragmatic, related to the speech sender's intentions (purposes of additional influence, form transposition - hyperbolic plural, etc.).
It is well known that quantification works differently for non-discrete items and discrete sets in plain language. In the first instance, the number of components that make up a quantifiable set are specified (two students, several homes, numerous books, and numerous insects), whereas in the second instance, the subject of quantification is the value of an item that is typically thought of in terms of some measurement (a kilogram of sugar, a liter of milk, and thirty meters of living space, for example), weight, volume, or area.
The claim that collective names neutralize individuality and plurality may be found in contemporary grammatical texts. It goes like this: "The concept of 'aggregate of persons' is not simple. This idea is another example of how collective nouns have neutralized the contradiction between singularity and plurality, including the more basic concepts of "person" and "plurality." First, it's not really obvious what kind of opposition we're referring to: the opposition of semantic qualities or formal aspects (singularity-plurality inflexions). The singular form can communicate the impression of multiplicity, not just in collective names. (in standard language, in cases of the so-called generalized-collective singular or in cases of class meanings). The terms used to describe large quantities, areas, or forces include words like "oceans," "mountains," "worlds," "volumes," "barrels," "bucketfuls," "hurricanes," and similar expressions. Numerous - "an uncountable number, ten thousand," in large numbers - a great deal of people¹⁸
The fact that quantity can only be understood of "per se" if it is totally separated from the qualitative characteristics of the counted items is particularly relevant. Only in this instance is the category of quantity distinct from other categories, and its primary use is to represent precise mathematical forms of quantity that reflect high-level scientific abstractions, such as numbers.
A non-scientific interpretation of a number, however, is frequently defined by a "living" image with specific features, according to the typical properties of numbers, which are produced in the human mind and imprinted in symbolic numerical code. For instance, the conditional partition of numbers into the so-called "unhappy" and "happy" can be used to immediately sense the qualitative nature of numbers. As a result, thirteen is frequently associated with being "unhappy" in Western cultures. This fact allows for more than one explanation, in the opinion of V. F. Hopper. One theory pertains to the requirement to include the thirteenth "superfluous" month in order to align the early lunar calendars with the solar year. The thirteenth intercalated month was thought to be unfortunate and dissonant. The lunar cycle's omnipresence rendered the number 13 dreadful. At the same time, it's possible that people have started to identify the number with the devilish profession. The Infernal Hierarchy is claimed to be made up of 13 in Faust's Miraculous Art and Book of Marvels, or the Black Raven. 13 started to be connected to witchcraft in Britain. A witches' coven was typically made up of 13, whether for the same reason or because adding a leader to any group of 12 forms a thirteen, as seems to have been the case in Druidic rite. There is no question that the infamous "unlucky 13" and notably the "13 at table" are related to the Last Supper.¹⁹

Quantity, which has a logical-philosophical aspect and plays a fundamental role in our conceptualization of the world, is one of the forms of number operating in matter. The items or phenomena that are subject to counting provide the quantity with qualitative specification. Since it is a higher-order abstraction, the number lacks evaluation and, as evidenced by psychological study data.²⁰

When we talk about quantity, we always refer to the whole amount of anything. The items or phenomena that are subject to counting provide the quantity with qualitative specification. In the words of G. Frege, "number words are proper names like 'Sirius' or 'Africa' in their scientific usage in mathematics. An object is what a proper name refers to. Because of this, mathematics views numbers as objects rather than as qualities. Number terms are used frequently, although not in a predicative sense. The use of "four horses" is used similarly to that of "big horses," as if "four" gave us a property of an individual horse like "big," but while every individual is big in the case of big horses, not every individual is four in the case of four horses. This distinguishes the scientific use of number words in mathematics from their unscientific use in daily life.²¹ It is obvious that, while being one of the most abstract ideas to exist outside of material reality, numbers have a direct relationship with the world of objects in everyday life.
Numerous conventional forms of quantity in human civilization, for instance, demonstrate the strong relationship between quantity and quality as well as the significance of both. The desire to standardize or create a common measurement basis for the vast array of subjective points of view about particular qualitative features explains this reality. For instance, several traditional methods of quality functioning in the field of medicine are created to fix the fundamental physiological parameters (such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure) by which an individual's condition is assessed.²²

The relationship of the category of logical and linguistic quantity and quality, which entail a quantitative assessment of quality, are crucial to society's day-to-day operations.This is represented in many measurement systems, scales, ratings, and classifications as well as in conventional educational systems of outcomes evaluation (for instance, in Uzbekistan, 5 is "excellent," 4 is "good," and 3 is "satisfactory"). The so-called "star" rating system, for instance, which rates the quantity of food, drink, and lodgings, is well-known and widely used.

A person generally evaluates reality during mental activity, which makes them aware of their evaluative perspective on the world during cognition. An individual is acknowledged to have a unique internal picture of the world within the contemporary paradigm of anthropocentric approach to language.
Researchers contend that an individual's conception, classification, and experience of the world all contain an element of judgment or interpretation. Since interpretation is a fundamental aspect of the human mind, it might be thought of as an odd "anthropocentric view" of the nature of reality.
N.N. Boldyrev states that interpretation is "the kind of cognitive activity, the process and the results of human understanding and explaining the world and human role in this world, the process and the result of the world representation, which is based on the one hand, on the collective perceptions of the world and, on the other hand, on a individual experience of interaction with it".²³
Without the cognitive process of inference, which is thought operation that produces the capacity to see more content behind the considered language forms, to go beyond literal/verbatim meaning of language units, and to determine what they imply and what can be inferred using everyday experience and everyday cognition, the interpretation process would not be possible.²⁴

To better comprehend the nature of human reasoning in general, the appeal to the inference issue is made. Inferential capacity, one of the fundamental universal cognitive processes, is frequently related to the assumptions that people make based on their experience, intuition, or usage of various sorts of knowledge. The realization of the interpreting function in the language would not be possible without a special system of modus or evaluative categories, which offer the possibility of speaker's different interpretations of a conceptual content and the formation of new distinct meanings on the basis of this interpretation. This type of category's inference, or the requirement that the inferred knowledge generate the necessary meaning, is one of its distinguishing features. The components of evaluative categories can imply a variety of thought operations without disclosing the precise content of the thought object.²⁵

In this context, it makes perfect sense to address the issue of the inference phenomenon throughout the process of quantitative quality interpretation. A person's capacity to understand events and objects in terms of quantitative traits (characteristics) is linked to the concept of quantity as a modus type (underlying the category of quantity). The output of this reflection consists of language units that represent conceptual knowledge and are derived from mental activity dealing with the quantitative side of existence, i.e., the quantitative evaluation of real-world objects and events. These language units also represent the speaker's attitude toward the evaluated quantity. This evaluation complies with the linguocultural community's agreed communicative rules at the same time. Quantity thus symbolizes the outcome of human comprehension of the quantitative part of being as the modus or evaluative type of notion. Additionally, it exhibits the capacity to profile the qualitative traits of phenomena and objects in the real world. Additionally, it is intriguing that both quality and number reflect qualitative and quantitative features or properties, opening the door to the interpretation of quality through quantity.

A language unit may have both explicit quantitative and possibly inferred implicit qualitative features if quantity and quality are connected ontologically. It can be believed that during the perception of quantitative characteristics, the knowledge representation structures that serve as the foundation for inferred qualitative information are engaged.

The interpretation specifies the conspicuous traits and is dependent on the defined field. For instance, understanding human characteristics can be linked to the interpretation of quantitative parameters within the thematic conceptual area of the human being, as in the following examples:

1) At the television studios, the security guard on reception was hauling a big bag of fan mail with red envelopes spilling out of the top, through the inner security doors to the offices. Dont know what they see in him, muttered the guard, panting. Hes got a face
like a robbers dog. Five foot two is all²⁶
2) Wim had been six feet three by the time he reached fifteen.²⁷
The examples provided show how the modus, or evaluation function of amount, can be achieved in many ways. For instance, numerical markers can be used to interpret human height as one of the anthropometric features. On the basis of inference, the meanings "rather short" (1) and "rather tall" (2) are developed. The stereotypical knowledge of average height within the appropriate measurement system for a specific culture is the source of these meanings. The fact that the vocabulary used to express "quantity" varies depending on culture is particularly interesting because "quantity" is a fundamental universal idea of the human mind that exists in all cultures. Different linguocultures have various measurement methods, which serves as an illustration of this. As a result, the English system of measurements, which is used in the UK, the USA, and other nations, is independent and unique.The size range of apparel can also use this level of detail:
3) Hes married to Ingrid Fitzgerald, for heavens sake shes only a size 12'
4) Star could never resist pottery, but she hadnt been into the lingerie department, despite Lena explaining about their biggest seller: a range made by a former home economics teacher from Dublin who was fed up with trying to get comfortable suck-it-all-in
underwear for women over size 18, and had designed her own range.²⁸
In examples (3) and (4), the interpretation of human physical traits is a schematic representation of experience in accordance with the collective system of norms based on a particular scale and adopted within the given culture, which results in the formation of the meanings "rather slender" and "rather corpulent," respectively. Additionally, example (4) is a good illustration of a reasonable judgement that is devoid of emotion and adheres to the 'Understatement' linguistic rule.
The empirical material analysis demonstrates that the quantitative parameters can work as an interpretation tool for a broad range of qualitative features, including numerous states, within the thematic conceptual domain of "human being":
5) She looked tiny next to him, but he knew her well enough now to know that her spirit was ten feet tall.²⁹
8) It was horrendous, I felt about two inches tall, Charlie admitted.³⁰
In the examples given above, the linguistic interpretation of a person's emotional and psychological state in such precise quantitative terms is most likely a reflection of the unique culture, mentality, and communication ethics of English-speaking people, which in turn reflects on the uniqueness of the English language.
According to J. Locke, the values of factual adherence, thought formulation accuracy, and the clear distinction between scientific knowledge and opinion had a significant impact on the development of the collective consciousness not only of the British but also of other English-speaking (American, Australian, and Canadian) cultures that inherited these values. The intensive development of scientific thought contributed to the establishment of the ideal picture of English as a language which must meet the need to represent the concept as correctly as possible and free of emotions.³¹
In conclusion, it should be mentioned that the development of conceptual linkages with a predominately logical character is the outcome of the quantitative interpretation of quality. They result from the strong connections between the quantitative and qualitative categories driven by the world ontology and the evaluative activity of the human mind. The linkage of conceptual domains created by the continuous nature of the human mind and the diffuse boundaries between categories is attested to by the statement of quality in terms of quantity.
The distinctive role of a human as an interpreter of reality is highlighted by the research of the quantity potential to interpret quality. Consequently, there is a specific contribution to the
"central for the whole cognitive science question, namely the question of what is added by an individual into the immediate experience and what is not deducible from this experience by
induction. But the fact that imagination, fantasy, intuition, memory and other cognitive abilities always contribute to the development and comprehension of the world seems indisputable".³² Finding the knowledge structures underlying language forms and the mechanisms that drive linguistic representations of knowledge are both possible with a cognitive approach to language learning. Additionally, it offers the chance to see the well-known phenomena of quantity and quality from a fresh angle.