Chapter I. Reflection of the combination of national mentality and language through numeral components in numerological phraseological units on the material of english and uzbek languages

Practical significance of the work:
The practical significance of this research paper is evident in the fields of language teaching and translation studies. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of phraseological units with numerological components in English and Uzbek, which can be useful for language teachers and learners. This research can aid in the development of language teaching materials and resources that focus on phraseology and help learners understand and use these expressions effectively in real-life conversations. Additionally, this research can also be beneficial for translators who are translating texts from English to Uzbek or vice versa. They can utilize the findings of this study to ensure that they maintain the meaning and cultural significance of the phraseological units with numerological components in their translations.
The structure of the research paper consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
Introduction states the actuality and novelty, the aim, the reason of choosing this theme in the research paper. It also gives information about the plot of the coursework.
Main body consists of two chapters:
Chapter I deals with numerological phraseological units on English and Uzbek language content that reflect the fusion of national thought and language through numeral components
Chapter II is devoted to semantic characteristics of numerological phraseological units in English and Uzbek.
In conclusion part the results gained in the qualification paper are summarized and described.The bibliography includes the items of the scientific literature on the theme and different types of the dictionaries of the English and Uzbek languages which were used as source of materials. Apart from that some Internet sites used during the research are also included.
Foreign language learning and teaching are very significant processes today. The fact that other languages should be taught in a comparative manner without harming the mother tongue must be acknowledged, though. Only in this way will our school-age children be able to discover for themselves the lovely and fascinating world of other languages. The most significant language in the world is usually agreed to be English. Perhaps it would be worthwhile to quickly review the foundation for that assessment. After all, there are countless languages spoken around the world, and each one will have a special significance to individuals who speak it as their first language, the one they learned at their mother's knee. However, there are more impartial measures of relative significance. The number of language speakers is one criterion. The geographic spread of a language is the second factor.
Acquiring foreign language skills, particularly English, also enables us to better understand and appreciate different cultures. It allows us to navigate and adapt to international environments and societies, and develop an appreciation for the perspectives and values of others. In a world where societal and cultural contacts are becoming increasingly important, increased cultural competence is an invaluable asset.
Learning English allows us to be more successful in the workplace, pursue international studies, and increase our cultural competence. By acquiring foreign language skills, we can improve our educational opportunities, open up new possibilities, and broaden our perspective on the world.
"Education is our future, it is a matter of life and death. Therefore, we have no right to delay reforms in this area. No matter how difficult it may be, we need to lay a solid foundation for school education today. Because we lost a lot of time, Shavkat Mirziyoyev said.¹
On December 10, 2012 a decree On measures to further improve foreign language learning system was signed. It should be noted that a comprehensive foreign language teaching system has been established in the country within the framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan's "On Education" Law and the National Program for Training. This system aims to produce a young generation that is harmoniously developed, highly educated, and capable of contributing to global society. English, German, and French multimedia tutorials and textbooks for grades 1 through 9 of secondary schools, electronic resources for learning English in primary schools, and more than 5000 secondary schools with academic lyceums were all equipped with language laboratories during the years of independence.
"It is time to establish a new system of foreign language teaching in our country, which will be a solid foundation for the future. As long as we aim to build a competitive state, from now on, school, high school, college and university graduates must be fluent in at least 2 foreign languages. This strict requirement should become the main criterion of the activity of the head of each educational institution", - said Shavkat Mirziyoyev in one of the selections about the importance of foreign language knowledge on education.
The increasing usage of new information technology (such as computer software, the Internet, e-mail, CD-ROM, and distance education programs) in virtually every aspect of life is one of the unique characteristics of the modern, quickly evolving world. Education, and specifically learning foreign languages, is one area where new information technologies are becoming more significant. Because it is our responsibility to develop and teach professionally competent and enthusiastic personnel, true patriots to see them in the global repository of science and culture, we should make efficient use of all available tools for teaching foreign languages. This concept included a hypothetical training program for people aimed at creating a new generation of specialists.
On the basis of above-said we have chosen the theme of our qualification paper Phraseological units with numerological component in English and Uzbek languages. As these phraseological units has huge importance in our nationality and our life, there is always demand for expressing these phraseological units to not only our young generation outside of our country.

CHAPTER I. REFLECTION OF THE COMBINATION OF NATIONAL MENTALITY AND LANGUAGE THROUGH NUMERAL COMPONENTS IN NUMEROLOGICAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES.
Phraseological units being an important part of any language cannot be freely produced in speech as they are regarded as ready made and structurally unchangeable. According to Russian scholar Koonin who greatly contributed to the phraseology, phrasemes are stable word groups whose meanings are partially or fully transferred. Stability of a phraseme means that the lexical components of phraseological units cannot be changed but may be used immediately as they are whole undivided units. Phraseological transference occurs partially or completely only in the meaning of a phraseological units. I. V. Zykova, in her work "Practical Course in English Lexicology" divides transference of phrasemes into 4 groups according to the stylistic devices they are based on.
I. Metaphor based transference is a resembling of a real object to another associated with it. The structure of metaphorized phraseological units is complicated as their peculiar features have passed to another object and this leads to produce another stylistic device - personification. For example, by taking into account common features we can use some objects as living creatures. Pedro A.Fuertes-Olivera expresses his ideas about this process: "This broad categorisation comprises expressions formed with words describing objects we are constantly using in our daily life. The workings of equipment, for example, are used metaphorically to refer to the waya system pr process works, or to show the feelings of animate refeents, or to indicate actions carried out by human referants. Similarly, tools are instruments commonly used to do a particular type of work. Tools are used metaphorically to emphasize a process, usually one in which human actors are involved. Metaphors with words for vehicles indicate changes in people's lives. In the following examples we can see the triadic relationship found in the expressions formed with words referring literally to machines, vehicles, tools. For example:
sign target domain source domain
run out of steam become weaker engines= no steam = no power or less active'' ²
Metaphorical expressions may have more than one meaning and the exact meaning may be shown only with genuine context. Metaphorical phrasemes are usually called idioms. In their book ''English idioms in use: advanced '' Felicity O'Dell and Michael Mc.Carthy mentioned that ''Many idioms are based on metaphors. However, idioms are expressions that are used so frequently and are so fixed in the language that people often do not think about the metaphors behind them. The metaphors used in idioms are therefore much less original and thought-provoking than those used in literary contexts. People say, for example, 'The new president was\took centre stage at the meeting' [was the most important or noticeable thing or person], without thinking of the original image of a theatre.''³ The base of metaphorized phrasemes is resemblance and they can express negative and positive meanings. According to their structure, phraseological units can be divided into 2 groups:
1. Phraseological units whose expressive transference is obvious and basis is their meanings. Metaphorical transference of this group of phrasemes is based on cognive ability to find similaritiesbetween real objects.
a) Phrasemes based on real life phenomena, this may be about people, animals, material objects and nature. They are usually clear and easy to comprehend since they play an important role to form Metaphorical transference. The basis of this type of transference is similarity of visible features of objects. For example, a phraseological unit ''once in a blue moon'' refers to something extremely rare in occurrence. A blue moon is full moon that happens every few years. In this phraseological unit an unusual and rare situation is defined as it happens only when a blue moon comes to the sky. One can immediately imagine a blue moon that appears seldom when he hears this idiom with the help of cognitive skills. This group contains a number of phraseological units that human beings are able to recognise, distinguish and summarise about. Because these phrasemes are based on people's acquired knowledge about the world around them.
a) Metaphorical phraseological units that are based on some unreal phenomenon. The meaning of components of phraseological units in this group are different and are divided into 2 subgroups: they are fully rethought. There are some associations between these concepts, thus in order to fully understand metaphor's meaning, one should discover the falsity of the expression. If the meaning of one component of phraseological unit is transferred and function is boosted and the other component has no change in both form and function, it is called phraseological unit that has party rethought meaning. For example, English idiom ''a night owl'' is party rethought phraseological unit since its first component ''night'' doesn't lose its primary meaning but ''owl'' is transferred expressing ''a person who prefers to be awake and active at night''. Without any hesitation, one can understand that ''owl'' is used to express somebody who stays up late at night by the notion that owls seem to be awake in the dark. In this type of phrasemes we can also see some features of hyperboles in the example ''cooking up a storm''. Here, the first component keeps its main meaning, the next component ''a storm'' is used in a hyperbolic way and means ''a large portion of meal''.
Phraseological units that have fully rethought meaning can also have elements of hyperbole, for instance, phraseme ''by the skin of one's teeth'' is defined as ''narrowly, barely, or a very small margin'' in myenglishroutine.com. Furthermore, some characteristics of personification can be seen in this type of units like ''pot calling the kettle black ''. In this case, a pot is being personified by giving speaking skill that belong to humans and this idiom means ''to criticize someone for the same fault that one has''. Thanks to our brain, we can analyse, study, ponder and conclude about our surrounding and form ideas.
a) Metaphorized phraseological units whose primary meaning is based on national mythology. This type pf phraseological units were created by native language users with the help of their imagination about history and culture. There is no any precise statement about the reason why this transference became a factor to make idioms. For example, dead marines means free wine bottles at present time, but its origin is quite forgotten. When William IV said to the servant pointing to the free bottles at the dinner time: take away these marine corps!, an old major of the Navy stood up and asked: Your excellency, can I get to know why you are calling bottles as marine corps, with such serious name, I am also a member of this grateful Navy?. The very tactful King answered this question as the following: I call them as marine corps because they have done their duties before me, being my devoted citizens they are ready to do it again! and ordered to fill them with wine again. The King was able to evade the awkward situation at the dinner time tactfully. The origin of the idiom has not been known by most people who even use it daily but there is an interesting story related to its coming out. Until the etymological origin of the phraseological unit is not revealed one cannot find out how this idiom comes out."⁴
2. Phraseological units whose expressive transference is unclear and based on their meanings. In English language there are not so many of this type of phrasemes available and not having direct and sensible connection between the components and meanings causes this type phraseological units to be unclear and difficult to understand. Let's give an example to this type of phraseological units in the English language: ''to spill the beans'' means ''to tell a secret''. Expressiveness of this phraseme is unclear as one cannot imagine telling a secret is considered as spilling the beans. These phraseological units may encourage learners to think about them critically and make their intelligence work more effectively. As a coin has two sides, sometimes it may be complex to the real meaning of them.
II. Phraseological transference based on simile is a comparison between two things with the help of ''like'' and ''as''. It is increasing degree or strength of one object and linking it with another object of different group. For example, as free as a bird, as innocent as a lamb, to eat like a horse, sleep like a baby.
III. Metonymy based transference is changing the name of one thing to another that has close relationship with it and metonymy is based on association between dictionary and contextual meaning. For example, ''a silk stocking '' is usually used for men who are aristocratic, wealthy and who wear luxurious clothes. In the past, stocking were only worn by rich men, that's the reason why this metonymical transference was created.
IV. Transference based on synecdoche is renaming one thing with the name of its part or exchanging plural with singular or vice versa. ''For instance, the components flesh and blood in the phraseological unit in the flesh and blood meaning in a material form as the integral parts of the real existence replace a person himself or any living being. Synecdoche is usually used in combination with other types of transference, for example, metaphor: to hold ones tongue to say nothing, to be discreet'' ⁵
Modern scientists divide phraseological units into several categories according to their motivational, etymological and structural-semantic level of meaning. The following classification by scientist V. Vinogradov is based on the idiomatic meaning of phraseological units:

1. 
   Phraseological fusions are word combinations whose meaning is completely changed. The meanings of their components cannot express their whole meanings: '' to beat about the bush'' discuss a matter without coming to the point.
   
2. 
   Phraseological unities are regarded as partially non-motivated and their meaning can be guessed through the transferred meaning of their components. For example: to'' show ones teeth'' to become hostile. Here, we can perceive the meaning of the idiom through the context.
   
3. 
   Phraseological collocations are combined words whose meanings a can be perceived from the words when they come together: Weapon of mass destruction chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to numerous individuals.⁶
   

Professor A.J.Smirnitskiy suggested to divide phraseological units into 3 classes:
1. traditional phrases (table talk)
2. Phraseological combinations, which are syntactically neutral (to raise one's game)
3. Idioms, which are stylistically coloured (it's raining cats and dogs)