Chapter I. The original types of cases in three different languages

1.2 The presence of additional appearances and explanations
An explanation is a set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing ones in relation to any objects, or phenomena examined. The components of an explanation can be implicit, and interwoven with one another. Main units of grammar are a word and a sentence. A word may be divided into morphemes, a sentence maybe divided into phrases. A morpheme a word, a phrase and a sentence are units of different levels of language structure. A unit of a higher level onsists of one or more units of a lower level. To scientists way of thinking the morphological expression of case in modern English limited to the system of 2 cases. The Category of case of the English Noun is constituted by the binary privative opposition of the common² & possessive cases. The formal marker of the PC is the morpheme -'s [z, s, iz] The origin of it is rather obscure (a remnant of the OE Genitive case or the result of the contraction of the phrase the King his head – The King’s head. This morpheme can be joined to the phrases (someone else’s problems), and even s (I forgot the woman I danced yesterday’s name). The apostrophy serves to distinguish in writing the singular noun in the possessive case from the plural noun in the common case. The possessive of the most of plural nouns remains phonetically unexpressed: the few exceptions concern only some of the irregular plurals: e.g. the actresses' dresses, the children's room. The Gram Meaning of the PC is the idea of possessivity pure possessivity my sister’s money The secondary Gr Meanings are:
1. agent or subject of the action my brother’s arrival
2. object of the action the criminal’s arrest
3. authorship Shakespeare’s sonnet
4. destination a sailor’s uniform
5. measure a day’s wait
6. location at the dean’s
7. description or comparison a lion’s courage
Four special views should be considered in the analysis of this problem.
1) The Theory of Positional Cases
Linguistic formulations of the theory may be found in the works of Deutschbein and other scholars. In accord with the theory of positional cases the unchangable forms of the noun may express different cases due to the functional positions occupied by the noun in the sentence. There are grammarians, O. Curme and M. Deutschbein¹, for instance, who recognise four cases making reference to nominative, genitive, dative and accusative: the genitive can be expressed by the -'s-inflection and by the of-phrase, the dative by the preposition to and by word-order, and the accusative by word order alone. E. Sonnensсhein insists that English has a vocative case since we may propose an interjection oh before a name. It is to be noted that the choice between the two opposite viewpoints as to the category of case in English remains a matter of linguistic approach. From the viewpoint of inflectional morphology the inadequacy of "prepositional declension" is obvious. Using Latin categories which have no relevance for English involves inventing distinctions for English and ignoring the distinctions that English makes. The meaning of "accusative" in a two-term system nominative — accusative, for instance, is different from the meaning of "accusative" in a four- or five-term system. The term "common case" seems therefore more justified than "the accusative". If we call him an "accusative" in expressions like I obey him, I am like him, It was on him, the term "accusative" may actually hinder when we translate into another language which has an accusative along with several other cases and in which the word for obey takes the dative, the word for like the genitive and the word on ablative, as they do in Latin. "Of course, the morphological opposition nominative — accusative must be expressed by something in English. But this "something" is not a morphological opposition, for there is no morphological differentiation between the nominative and the accusative of nouns". We must not, of course, look at English through the lattice of categories set up in Latin grammar. The extent to which one can remain unconvinced that English has a grammar like Latin is probably the basis of the faulty viewpoint that English has no grammar at all. Latin distinguishes subject, direct object, indirect object by case-differences differences in the inflexion of the word) and arrangement is not very important. English also distinguishes subject, direct object, and indirect object, but it does so largely by arrangement,