Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
Download 11.05 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 13.2.2 Addition of Nitrile Oxides to Nitriles
- 13.2.3 Addition of Azides to Nitriles
- 13.2.4 Addition of Nitrones to Isocyanides
- 13.2.5 Addition of Azides to Isocyanides
- 13.3.1.1 Nature of the Activation Effect
- 13.3.1.2 Effect of the Nature of the Metal
174 METAL-MEDIATED [2 + 3] DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION TO SUBSTRATES WITH CN TRIPLE BOND: RECENT ADVANCES N Pt II N Cl Cl C R 1 C R 1 R 1 = Me, Et, CH 2 Ph, Ph, N(C 5 H
) Pt II Cl Cl N R 2 = Me, Et N O R 2 O 2 N O O R 1 R 2 N N O O R 1 R 2 N N O O R 1 R 2 H 2 NCH
2 CH 2 NH 2
Scheme 13.5 Platinum(II)-mediated dipolar cycloaddition of oxazoline N-oxides to nitriles and liberation of free 2,3a-disubstituted 5,6-dihydro-3aH-[1,3]oxazolo[3,2- b][1,2,4]oxadiazoles [24]. N Pt II N Cl Cl C R 1 C R 1 R 1 = Me, Et, CH 2 Ph, Ph, N(C 5 H 10 ) Pt II Cl Cl R 2 = Me, Et 7 O N R 2 O 2 O N N O R 1 R 2 O N N O R 1 R 2
Preparation of the diastereomerically pure platinum(II) complexes bearing tetrahydro-5,8-methanocyclohexa- [3 ,2 :4,5][1,3]oxazolo[3,2- b][1,2,4]oxadiazole [26]. In the related study [25], (tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]-oxadiazole)Pt II complexes were assembled via an intermolecular platinum(II)-mediated 1,3-DCA between the imidazoline N-oxides and the coordinated nitriles in cis- and trans- [PtCl
2 (R 1 CN ) 2 ]. Tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]oxadiazoles exist only in the coordinated state, and an attempt to liberate the heterocyclic ligands from the complexes by treatment with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) led to formation of the free parent imidazoline N-oxides and the nitriles [25]. Preparation of the diastereomerically pure platinum(II) complexes bearing tetrahydro-5,8-methanocyclohexa-[3 , 2 : 4, 5][1,3]oxazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]oxadiazole ligands (7, Scheme 13.6) was accomplished via the intermolecular 1,3-DCA between enantiomerically pure camphor-derived oxazoline- N-oxides and the coordinated nitriles in trans-[PtCl 2 (R
CN ) 2 ] [26]. The reaction proceeds at 20–25 ◦ C. Free heterocyclic species were liberated as single stereoisomers from the respective platinum(II) complexes by treatment with excess NaCN [26]. 13.2.2 Addition of Nitrile Oxides to Nitriles The coupling of [PtCl 4 (R
CN ) 2 ] with the nitrile oxides R 2 CNO at 20–25 ◦ C afforded the (1,2,4-oxadiazole)platinum(IV) complexes [PtCl 4 {N a =C(R
1 )ON=C
b R 2 } 2 (N a −C b )] (8, Scheme 13.7) [27]. The reduction of 8 with Ph 3 P =CHCO 2 Me led to the appropriate platinum(II) complexes that cannot be obtained via a direct synthesis starting from the corresponding platinum(II)–nitrile species. Furthermore, the reaction of 8 with an excess of pyridine in chloroform allowed to obtain free 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, that were isolated in nearly quantitative yields [27]. In a related study [28], the coupling between palladium(II)-bound nitriles in [PdCl 2 (R
CN ) 2 ] and the nitrile oxides R 2 CNO in neat nitrile at 40 ◦ C for 12–18 h furnished 1,2,4-oxadiazole complexes trans-[PdCl 2 {N a =C(R 1 )ON=C b R 2 } 2 (N a –C b )] in 40–85 % yields. Liberation of the free 1,2,4-oxadiazole species was accomplished by the action of 2 equiv of dppe in chloroform or excess Na 2 S •7H 2 O in methanol [28]. 13.2.3 Addition of Azides to Nitriles Iron(II) 5-aryl tetrazolate complexes [CpFe (CO)(L)(N 4 CC 6 H 4 CN )] (9, Cp = η-C 5 H
) were prepared by the room- temperature cycloaddition of sodium azide to parent 1,4-dicyanobenzene complexes [CpFe (CO)(L)(NCC 6 H 4 CN )][O 3 SCF
3 ] (Scheme 13.8) [29]. METAL-MEDIATED [2 + 3] DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION TO NITRILES AND ISOCYANIDES: SYNTHETIC STUDIES 175 N Pt IV N Cl Cl Cl Cl C R 1 C R 1 R 1 = Me, Et, CH 2 Ph O N C R 2 N Pt IV Cl Cl Cl Cl N O R 2 R 1 N N O R 2 R 1 R 2 = 2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 , 2,4,6-(MeO) 3 C 6 H 2 2 8 Scheme 13.7 Platinum(IV)-mediated dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to nitriles [27]. L = CO, PPh 3 , P(OMe) 3 , 2,6-Me
2 C 6 H 3 NC 9 N Fe OC L C C N N Fe OC L C N NaN 3 N N N +
Reaction between [CpFe (CO)(L)(N 4 CC
H 4 CN )] and sodium azide [29]. Manganese(II) complexes with 5-(2-pyridyl) tetrazole, 5-(3-cyano-4-pyridyl) tetrazole, or 5-(4-pyridyl) tetrazole ligands were generated by reaction of the corresponding cyanopyridines with sodium azide in the presence of manganese(II) salts [30]. Acidification of the complexes produces the corresponding free 5-(pyridyl)-1H-tetrazole [30]. In another study [31], the [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of molybdenum(II) azide complexes with nitriles afforded tetrazolate complexes Mo (η3-C
3 H 5 )(CO) 2 (en)(R 1 CN 4 ). They are the first examples of a complex with a heterocyclic ligand prepared via the reaction of a group VIB metal azide with an unsaturated dipolarophile. Solvothermal reactions of AgNO 3 , NaN 3 with MeCN and EtCN in methanol yield two noninterpenetrated supramolecular networks, [Ag (mtta)]
n and [Ag
(etta)] n (mtta, 5-methyl tetrazolate; etta 5-ethyl tetrazolate), respectively, involving ligand in situ formation by cycloaddition of nitriles and azides [32]. Furthermore, two new d 10 coordination polymers of zinc and cadmium containing tetrazolate ligands have been synthesized by the in situ [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5- benzylacetonitrile, sodium azide, and MCl 2 (M = Zn, Cd) under hydrothermal conditions [33, 34]. The [2
+ 3] cycloaddition reactions of the diazidoplatinum(II) complexes cis-[Pt(N 3 ) 2 (PPh
3 ) 2 ] and cis-[Pt (N 3 ) 2 (2, 2-bipy)] with nitriles R 1 CN (Scheme 13.9) furnished the bis(tetrazolato) complexes trans-[Pt (R 1
4 ) 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 ] (10) or cis-[Pt (R 1 CN 4 ) 2 (2,2-bipy)] (bipy, bipyridine), correspondingly. Both reactions are greatly accelerated by microwave irradiation [35]. In a related study [36], the [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of the cis-[Pt(N 3 )
(PPh 3 ) 2 ] with
4-cyanobenzaldehyde furnished the N 2 N 2 -bonded isomer of bis[5-(4-formylphenyl)tetrazol-2-ate] platinum(II) trans- [Pt {N 4 CC 6 H 4 (4-CH=O)} 2 (PPh
3 ) 2 ] as the major product, along with the N 1 N 2 -bonded isomer. In another study by the Ph 3 P Pt II N 3 Ph 3 P N 3 Pt II PPh
3 R 1 = Me, Et, Pr, Ph, 4-ClC 6 H 4 Ph 3 P 10 CNR
1 N N C N N N N C N N R 1 R 1 Scheme 13.9 Reactions of the diazidoplatinum(II) complexes cis-[Pt (N 3
2 (PPh
3 ) 2 ] with platinum(II)-bound nitriles [35]. 176 METAL-MEDIATED [2 + 3] DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION TO SUBSTRATES WITH CN TRIPLE BOND: RECENT ADVANCES same authors [37], microwave synthesis of bis(tetrazolato)-palladium(II) complexes with PPh 3 and water-soluble 1,3,5- triaza-7-phosphaadamantane was accomplished using a similar strategy. Preparation of new tetrazolate complexes trans-[PtCl 2 (R
CN 4 ) 2 ] 2 − and trans-[PtCl 4 (R
CN 4 ) 2 ] 2 − with Ph
3 PCH
2 Ph + and (CH
3 ) 2 NH 2 + counterions was accomplished via the direct azidation of nitriles in trans-[PtCl 2 (R 1 CN ) 2 ] and trans- [PtCl 4
1 CN ) 2 ] [38]. The authors indicated that the coordination of nitriles to Pt(II) and Pt(IV) significantly activated the azidation: the reaction proceeded with a higher rate and at relatively low temperature compared with the classical 1,3-dipolar addition of azides to nitriles. 13.2.4 Addition of Nitrones to Isocyanides The first example for the metal-mediated [2 + 3] cycloaddition of a nitrone to an isonitrile was reported [39]. Thus, the reaction between equimolar amounts of cis-[PdCl 2 (R
NC ) 2 ] and the acyclic nitrones O + N − (R 2 )=C(H)R 3 performed in C 6 H 6 at 5
◦ C provided the carbene complexes [PdCl 2 {C(ONR
2 C a HR 3 )=N b R 1 }(CNR 1 )(C a −N b )] (11) in good (70–54%) yields (Scheme 13.10). The interplay between equimolar amounts of cis-[PdCl 2 (R 1 NC ) 2 ] and the nonaromatic cyclic nitrone −O +
c = CHCH 2 CH 2 C d Me 2 (N c −C d ) in CHCl 3 at 5
◦ C led to the corresponding carbene species [PdCl 2 {C(ON
c CMe
2 CH 2 CH 2 C d H )=N e R 1 }(R 1 NC )(N c −C d )(C
d −N e )], isolated in 92–78% yields [39]. 13.2.5 Addition of Azides to Isocyanides Metal-mediated DCA between azides and isocyanides typically starts from metal–azide complexes and free iso- cyanides. Thus, the azido complexes [RhCp ∗ (μ-N
3 )(N
3 )] 2 (Cp∗ = η-C 5 Me 5 ), trans-Rh(N 3 )(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 , Na 2 [Pd (N 3 ) 4 ], Na 2 [Pd
2 (μ-N
3 ) 2 (N 3 ) 4 ], and Na[Au (N 3
4 ], reacted with aliphatic isocyanides to give a series of new metal–carbon bonded tetrazolato complexes [40]. All azide ligands in the coordination sphere undergo this cycloaddition with isocyanides except on palladium(II), where only two tetrazol-5-ato groups are formed (12, Scheme 13.11). In the other study [41], Pd-bis(azido) compounds [Pd (dppn)(N
3 ) 2 ], [Pd (dppf)(N
3 ) 2 ], and [Pt (1-dpn)(SMe 2 )(N
3 ) 2 ] [dppn,
1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene; dppf,
1,10-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; 1-dpn
1-diphenyl- phosphinonaphthalene] underwent [2 + 3] cycloaddition with isocyanides R 1 NC (R 1 = cyclohexyl, tBu, 2,6- dimethylphenyl) to convert azido ligands to five-membered, C-coordinated tetrazolate rings. In a related study [42], alkynyl palladium(II)-azido species of the type [Pd (N 3
3 ] reacted with tBuNC to give corresponding complexes with C-bound tetrazolates. Pd Cl
C N R 1 C N R 1 C N C N O H R 3 R 2 R 1 Pd Cl C Cl N R 1 * R = Cy, t Bu, Xyl R 2
2 Ph; R
3 = C
6 H 4 Me-4 11 N O R 2 H R 3
C 6
6 , 5
°C Scheme 13.10 Reaction between cis-[PdCl 2 (R
NC ) 2 ] and acyclic nitrones [39]. N 3 Pd II N 3 N 3 N 3 Pd II N 3 N 3 R 1 = t Bu, Cy, CN(CH 2
4 Cl, CNCH=CH 2 C
N N N R 1
CNR 1
N N N N R 1 2 −
Palladium(II)-mediated cycloaddition of azides to isocyanides [40].
METAL-MEDIATED [2 + 3] CYCLOADDITION TO NITRILES AND ISOCYANIDES: THEORETICAL STUDIES 177 13.3 METAL-MEDIATED [2 + 3] CYCLOADDITION TO NITRILES AND ISOCYANIDES: THEORETICAL STUDIES 13.3.1 Cycloaddition of Nitrones to Nitriles A vast majority of theoretical works on this topic published during past decade deals with the CAs of nitrones (R 1
=N(R 2 )O) to nitriles (N≡CR) affording 4 -1,2,4-oxadiazoline species (Route I, Scheme 13.1). 13.3.1.1 Nature of the Activation Effect One of the principal questions that may be interpreted with the help of theoretical methods is the reasons for the activation of nitriles toward DCA upon their coordination to a metal center. Traditionally, the reactivity of dipoles and dipolarophiles in the DCA reactions is explained in terms of the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory and depends on the predominant type of the FMO interaction. The coupling of nitrones with nitriles is usually controlled by the interaction of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of nitrone and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of nitrile centered on the C ≡N bond (so-called normal electron demand reactions). For such processes, the coordination of N ≡CR to a Lewis acid (e.g., to a metal) decreases the LUMO NCR energy, providing a smaller HOMO nitrone
− LUMO NCR
gap and, hence, facilitates the DCA reaction (Fig. 13.1a). Another factor determining the reactivity of nitriles is the charge factor, which becomes increasingly important in the case of asynchronous DCAs when one of the new bonds forms earlier than another one (Fig. 13.1b). Such reactions may be considered in part as nucleophilic addition processes that are controlled by the atomic charge on the interacting atoms (mostly on the nitrile C atom of N ≡CR). The ligation of N≡CR to a metal shifts the electron density from the C≡N group providing the higher charge on the nitrile C atom and, therefore, favors the DCA process (taking into account that the C atom is an electrophilic center). 13.3.1.2 Effect of the Nature of the Metal Considering both orbital and charge arguments, two main criteria for the selection of the metal—the most efficient activator of N ≡CR—may be formulated. First, such a metal should form a strong coordination bond with nitriles (to be sufficiently “nitrilophilic”); otherwise, the substitution of the coordinated nitrile for the nitrone molecule can be quite competitive with the DCA [43]. Second, the metal should be in a relatively high oxidation state. This provides the most effective shift of the electron density from the nitrile functionality and, hence, the most significant lowering of the LUMO NCR energy and the decrease of the positive charge on the nitrile C atom. Additionally, the selective coordination of nitrile (but not of nitrone) to the metal is important because the joint ligation of nitrone and nitrile results in a concurrent decrease of FMO energies of both reactants and in a lower activation or even inhibition of the reaction. The exclusive coordination of N ≡CR may be achieved if the metal is a “soft” acid that preferably interacts with the “softer” nitrile N atom rather than with the “harder” O atom of nitrone. C N + O − R 2 R 1 R 3 N C R N C R [M] HOMO
LUMO LUMO
LUMO HOMO
(a) [M]
N C R C O N R 3 R 2 R 1 δ + ≠ (b) E
−
Frontier molecular orbitals of nitrone and free or coordinated nitrile (a) and transition state of the concerted asynchronous mechanism of the nitrone-to-nitrile cycloaddition (b).
178 METAL-MEDIATED [2 + 3] DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION TO SUBSTRATES WITH CN TRIPLE BOND: RECENT ADVANCES H 2 C N O – Me + N C Me N C Me [Pt II ] HOMO LUMO
E, Hartree N C Me [Pt IV ] 0.0 –0.1
–0.2 –0.3
–0.4 π *(CN)
π *(CN)
π *(CN)
π (CN)
π (CN)
π (CN)
[Pt II ] = trans-[PtCl 2 (NCMe)]
[Pt IV ] = trans-[PtCl 4 (NCMe)]
Figure 13.2 Energies of frontier molecular orbitals of nitrone CH 2 =N(Me)O and free and coordinated acetonitrile. Among various metals, platinum and palladium perfectly fulfill these criteria, being the most efficient activators of nitriles [1]. Theoretical calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) indicate that the coordination of N ≡CMe to Pt(II), Pt(IV), or Pd(II) in complexes trans-[MCl n (N≡CMe)
2 ] (M = Pt(1T), Pd(2T), n = 2; M = Pt(3T), n = 4) results in a significant decrease of the LUMO NCMe
energy (by 1.95–2.13 eV, Fig. 13.2) and in an increase of the atomic charge on the nitrile C atom from 0.29 e in free N ≡CMe to 0.47–0.53 e in the complexes [43–46]. As a result, the calculated activation energy of the DCA of nitrones RCH =N(Me)O (R = H, Me) decreases from 27.65–30.30 kcal/mol (to free N ≡CMe) to 8.04–20.70 kcal/mol (to 1T–3T) that corresponds to the enhancement of the reaction rate by a factor of 8.3 × 10
5 –2.4
× 10 14 . The coordination also affects the thermodynamic characteristics of the process, providing more exothermic and exergonic DCA. The Gibbs free energy of the reaction becomes more negative, changing from ( −4.73)–(−7.60) kcal/mol for DCAs to free NCMe to ( −13.90)–(−22.17) kcal/mol for the reactions with complexes 1T–3T. Such thermodynamic stabilization of the DCA products explains the experimental isolation of unstable 4 -1,2,4-oxadiazoline heterocycles (e.g., tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]oxadiazoles [25]) which cannot survive being uncoordinated to a metal. Thus, the activation of nitriles upon their coordination can be interpreted in terms of both kinetic and thermodynamic arguments. At the same time, chemical behavior of the Pt and Pd nitrile complexes toward nitrones is rather different, at least under certain experimental conditions. The only isolated product of DCA to the Pt species is a cycloadduct, while, in the case of the Pd complexes [PdCl 2 (N≡CR) 2 ], the substitution of N ≡CR for the nitrone was also observed [19]. Such different behavior is explained by the more labile nature of the Pd nitrile complexes compared to the Pt complexes. The calculated metal–NCMe bond energy in 1T and 2T are 48.8 and 36.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Correspondingly, the estimated activation energy of the substitution in 1T is higher than that of the DCA, whereas a clearly opposite situation was found for complex Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling