Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
particular view on lexical meaning. Moreover
Download 202.86 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Conversion in English and its implicatio
particular view on lexical meaning. Moreover, Clark and Clark (1979:804) assume that most denominal converted verbs in English were first introduced in the language as an innovation. They hypothesize the following stages in the development from a complete innovative verb to one whose nominal origin is unknown to most speakers: (13) Complete innovations : this includes nonce formations such as to Houdini above, which may continue to the next stage or not. Near innovations : when a speaker or group of speakers uses an innovation more than once, and the form is recognized as part of their own speech. Half-assimilated transparent idioms : some items may become transparent for a group of speakers, but remain innovations for the rest. Clark and Clark cite key the data as a form easily understood by computer people but an innovation for anybody else. Assimilated transparent idioms : these include items such as bicycle, truck, crowbar, paperclip , etc. which are fully assimilated into the language. Partly specialized idioms : these verbs are no longer entirely transparent as they have become partly specialized: smoke a pipe, park the car, land the plane. Opaque idioms : the nominal origin of the verb is no longer recognized: boycott, charleston, etc. With this classification, it is possible to reinterpret Kiparsky’s facts in a different way. His true denominal instrumental verbs may be seen as examples of assimilated transparent idioms, whereas pseudo instrumentals may be moving towards the next category (partly specialized idioms). Although it is possible for speakers to recognize the implicit presence of the input noun, the verb may be acquiring a specialized meaning and the action can thus be performed by different instruments. Crucially, Clark and Clark also claim (1979:807) : The presence of innovations, near innovations, and idioms sometimes processed as innovations offers a distinct challenge to most theories of comprehension and production. These theories implicitly assume that all word meanings are available ready-made in the mental lexicon. That assumption is clearly wrong. Thus, Clark and Clark’s insightful analysis of the semantics and pragmatics of denominal conversion to verbs in English supports the view of lexical semantics defended at the beginning of this section and shows that a proper understanding of this process cannot only rely on the D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185 1177 analysis of just structural properties. Indeed, this may be possible if one assumes a restricted view on what a linguistic theory should account for, as some formalist models seem to do, but it is certainly inadequate for functionalist models. In my view, a functional model which tries to account for conversion in English should provide the tools to integrate Clark and Clark’s account of innovative coinage. In the following section, I will examine the extent to which FDG can be said to meet this requirement. In the development of the discussion, I will touch upon the problem of directionality again and will also introduce typological considerations. 4. Conversion and Functional Discourse Grammar The main lesson we learn from verbal conversion is that the lexicon of a language cannot simply consist of lists of senses or meaning definitions attached to each lexeme. The organization of the lexicon must be compatible with the possibility of constructing meaning on line from the combination of world knowledge and contextual information. Most linguistic models, however, assume that words are listed in the lexicon together with a fixed definition, usually represented in some metalinguistic format; FG (see e.g Dik, 1978, 1997 ) and FDG ( Garcı´a Velasco and Hengeveld, 2002; Butler, 2007 ) are no exception to this tendency, so it now needs to be explained how these ideas may be incorporated into the FDG model. Within FDG, Garcı´a Velasco and Hengeveld (2002) have proposed a separation of syntactic frames and predicates so that lexemes do no longer appear in the form of predicate frames as in classical FG. This move was justified by the authors on psychological, pragmatic and typological grounds. 11 One of the advantages of this proposal is that predication frames are selected on the basis of the information contained in the definition. An elaboration of this proposal is to be found in Butler (2007) , who, on the basis of definition (14a), proposes the predication frame in (14b) for the lexeme open in its transitive use: (14) a. [f 1 : [CAUSE (x 1 ) [BECOME open 0 (x 2 )]]] b. (p e 1 : (f 1 : [(f 2 ) (x 1 ) Ag (x 2 ) Pat ] (f 1 )) (e 1 )) Given that the definition in (14a) contains two variables functioning as the arguments of the functions CAUSE and BECOME, respectively, the system selects the transitive frame in (14b) with two argument positions for the Agent and Patient participants. However, I have argued that definitions based on necessary and sufficient features are not valid structures to represent speakers’ lexical competence; therefore, definitions such as (14a) should be modified or replaced with structures compatible with the view on lexical meaning here defended. Obviously, this move will also have consequences for the process of lexical selection and the linking between the lexicon and syntax in FDG. In my opinion, the FDG organization offers a simple solution to the linking issue even if decompositional definitions are dispensed with. If we postulate that predication frames (containing the qualitative and the quantitative valency of the lexemes in the language) belong into the primitive inventory of the grammar, there is no need for the system to extract this information from the definitions themselves. On the basis of the information associated to a lexical concept, speakers will select a relevant frame from the inventory of frames allowed in their language. The syntactically relevant information will only be present in the frame chosen. Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling