Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
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Conversion in English and its implicatio
D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185
1172 of that item. The basic idea is that lexical items, or linguistic expressions, for that matter, are points of access to different bodies of knowledge against which we can make sense of them. However, as it is not reasonable to assume that speakers invoke all their knowledge about a concept, to interpret an expression, Langacker (1987:159) obviously agrees that some aspects of the meaning of a lexical item are more central than others. In a similar vein, Allwood (2003) introduces the notion of meaning potential (compare with Evans (2006) ‘semantic potential’) as the basic unit of word meaning. He claims that a word’s meaning potential contains ‘all the information that the word has been used to convey either by a single individual or, on the social level, by the language community’. Crucially, the meaning potential contains both linguistic and encyclopaedic features as no attempt is made to establish a dividing line between the lexicon and the encyclopedia. The author argues that the interaction of the meaning potential with the linguistic and extralinguistic context determines which part of the meaning potential is activated. For example, the word heavy as used in a heavy question and a heavy stone receives different interpretations (difficult and weighty, respectively) on the basis of the conditions activated in its meaning potential by the modified nouns. This is an example of what Cruse (1986:53ff.) calls modulation of senses (see also Garcı´a Velasco, 2007 for more discussion). Although from a more philosophical tradition, Marconi (1997:41) also reaches the conclusion that word meaning cannot be based on static definitions constructed with necessary and sufficient features. Unlike Langacker and Allwood, however, he defends the separation of linguistic and encyclopaedic features. Most likely, linguistic features will coincide with those necessary, universal , and those which can be taken as constitutive of normal competence by the members of a linguistic community. An important consequence which is common to the three authors, is the flexibility which is attributed to lexical meaning. Thus, it is possible for a given feature to evolve from being contingent or necessary (but non-constitutive) to being constitutive of normal competence and therefore central. Lexical meaning is understood as a dynamic entity, subject to revisions, extensions or adaptations both in context and through time. However, one problem still remains and it is related to the fact that there can be significant variation in individual competences as speakers may be competent in the use of a lexical item without possessing many properties that might qualify as central or linguistic. Marconi (1997:52–53;55–56) expresses this neatly: . . .two (or more) speakers may be said to share a common language, in the ordinary sense of that phrase, even though they only share some beliefs ( . . .) We ought to speak not of a unique lexical competence, only of individual competences. Given the variety of individual competences on the inferential level, we cannot expect any choice of meaning postulates to represent any more than the (inferential side of) one particular competence. We should give up any attempt at capturing ‘‘communitarian’’ inferential competence. The question is then, how do we account for inter-human communication if individual competences are so varied? An answer immediately suggests itself if we replace the notion lexical meaning with lexical competence, understood as the ability of using words in efficient communication. A speaker need not be totally competent in the meaning of a word to be able to communicate efficiently. As long as speakers share a number of beliefs about concepts, they can be said to communicate. So, speakers’ need not possess an optimal definition of a concept, not even share the same set of beliefs on a concept. All they need is, in the words of Marconi, to converge on a number of Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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