Conversion in English and its implications for Functional Discourse Grammar
particular, the proposed separation of frames from lexemes in
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Conversion in English and its implicatio
particular, the proposed separation of frames from lexemes in Garcı´a Velasco and Hengeveld (2002) . I will show that the process of conversion in English, understood as innovative coinage, is underlyingly similar to the systematic flexibility of lexemes in languages such as Mundari. My conclusion will thus be that English may be moving towards a more flexible lexicon as Bauer (1983) and Vogel (2000) hypothesize. 2. The problem: conversion 2.1. Conversion in English The traditional definition of conversion is given in, e.g. Bauer (1983:227) as follows: Conversion is the use of a form which is regarded as being basically of one form class as though it were a member of a different form class, without any concomitant change of form. Thus, in English, a lexical item such as fax can be used both as a noun as in I received a document by fax , or as a verb as in He faxed me the document. Major English grammars and morphology textbooks (e.g. Bauer, 1983; Katamba, 1993, 1994 ) follow this definition without much discussion. As a matter of fact, this is a process which does not receive much attention in those sources, which seems to indicate that it does not pose major theoretical problems ( Plag, 2003 being an exception). For example, Biber et al. (1999:319) very briefly refer to conversion within the context of noun formation and they simply note that adjectives and verbs can sometimes be used as nouns. On pages 59–60 and 66ff. they discuss the implicit difficulty in ascribing lexemes to rigid word classes, but they consider this problem a case of homonymy and not conversion. Huddleston and Pullum (2002:1640ff.) just devote a few pages to the process, although they offer more interesting insights. They assume a rather narrow interpretation of conversion, excluding from the process those cases which involve a stress shift, variations in the quantitative valency of the input base, nominal uses of adjectives as in the old, the rich, etc. and the use of proper nouns as common nouns through the establishment of new meanings: wellington, newton, etc. By far, the best descriptive presentation of the process is given in Quirk et al. (1985:1560) , who divide conversion into three main types: major conversions involving main parts of speech (V, N, A), minor conversions and changes of secondary class: 2.1.1. Major conversions Major conversions involve changes within major word classes. Although Quirk et al. refer to a number of semantic patterns that underlie the process, I will simply present here a number of examples of each category without paying attention to their semantics: (1) V ! N (e.g. love, smell, walk, etc.); N ! V (e.g. bottle, floor, knife, cash, etc.); A ! N (e.g. bitter, natural, final, etc.); A ! V (e.g. dry, lower, humble, etc.); N ! A (e.g. brick, reproduction, etc.) Major conversion seems to be extremely productive in English, especially in the case of conversions involving Nouns and Verbs. The process seems to be blocked only in those cases in D.G. Velasco / Lingua 119 (2009) 1164–1185 1165 which the language already has a derived item (i.e. the existence of arrival blocks the use of arrive as a noun). 1 2.1.2. Minor conversions Minor conversions involve conversion to N, V and A of function words, affixes and phrases or sequences. Examples include: (2) Function word ! N; ‘ifs and buts’, ‘this book is a must’, etc. Affix ! N; ‘patriotism and other isms’, ish (with the meaning ‘kind of’) 2 Sequence ! N; ‘he is a has-been’, etc. Function word ! V; ‘she will off and do her own thing’, etc. Sequence ! V; ‘don’t uh-uh again’ Sequence ! A; ‘an upper-class manner’ As noted by Quirk et al., his type of conversion is chiefly used informally and its productivity is rather limited (but for conversion of sequences). Undoubtedly, this may well be connected to the vague semantic content of affixes and function words, which would make it very difficult for the addressee to arrive at the intended interpretation of the converted expression. Download 202.86 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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