Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Teacher Appraisal
No national requirements exist regarding teacher appraisal. The practice for assessing teachers is determined locally – typically at the school level. To perform teaching in the 1 st to 10 th form, teachers are required by the Folkeskole Act to complete training to become a teacher in the Folkeskole or another teacher training programme approved by the Ministry of Education. It is stated in the legislation that teachers are to have specific qualifications, but no national requirements exist in relation to teacher ap- praisal. In isolated cases, the requirement can be dispensed, e.g. if persons with special qualifications are employed to teach individual subjects (the Folkeskole Act § 28). As part of the reform of 2014, a new target has been set. By 2020, all lessons in the Folkeskole are to be taught by teachers who have either obtained main subject qualifi- cations through their teachers training in the subjects they teach, or have obtained cor- responding academic qualifications through continued professional development. This target applies to all subjects and all form levels. Prior to this, students may have been taught in various subjects by teachers who had not obtained main subject qualifications in the subjects they taught in. Teachers’ training typically takes places in one of 7 university colleges in Denmark. University colleges are non-profit institutions under public administration. University colleges offer professional bachelor programmes that ensure that the region is covered geographically, as well as in-service training and further training. The Danish initial teacher education (B.Ed. programme for primary and lower secondary schools) under- went a major reform in 2012. The reform took effect in the autumn of 2013. One aim was to significantly improve the academic and professional level of the programme. The reform includes stricter admission requirements as well as a new programme structure based on flexible modules and a competence-based curriculum. The training programme is to provide the students with the knowledge and skills necessary to func- tion as academically, didactically and pedagogically competent teachers in the Danish public school system (Folkeskolen). Approximately two-thirds of the qualified teachers work in the primary and lower sec- ondary schools. The final third are mainly involved in other forms of teaching, in for 55 instance private schools, vocational colleges, folk high schools, adult education and social institutions. Some teachers are employed in private enterprises. The teacher education is a four year programme, corresponding to 240 points in the Euro- pean Credit Transfer System (ECTS points). The work of a full-time student for one year corresponds to 60 ECTS points. The programme consists of the following four main elements: • Basic teaching competencies (60 ECTS points) • Main subjects (140 ECTS points) • Teaching practice (30 ECTS points) • Bachelor of Education project (10 ECTS points) The structure of the teachers’ training programme allows the shifting of up to 20 ECTS points from the main subjects and to ‘The teacher’s foundational competences’ and/or the Bachelor of Education project, in order to allow for different kinds of teacher pro- files or specializations. The total number of ECTS points in the teacher training pro- gramme must always be 240 ECTS, however. There is no standard curriculum defining the content of the teachers’ education pro- gramme. Instead, the programme is regulated through output-based areas of compe- tence, each of which is constituted by a number of practice-oriented skills and corre- sponding knowledge objectives. The basic teaching competencies’ is subdivided into two clusters: ‘Pedagogy and the teaching profession’ and ‘General education’. Peda- gogy and the teaching profession prepare the student for developing the fundamental teaching competencies needed to ensure the students’ learning, development and well- being. General education prepares the student for implementation of the mission statement of the Danish public school system: to develop professional ethics and to deal with complex challenges in the teaching profession in the context of cultural, val- ue-based and religious pluralism. This part of the teachers’ education programme is mandatory for all students. However, various kinds of profiles and specializations are possible. ‘Pedagogy and the teaching profession’ consists of four areas of competence: • Student learning and development • Teaching proficiency • Special needs and remedial training • Danish as a second language. ‘General education’ consists of one area of competence: • Christian studies/life enlightenment/citizenship (KLM) 56 The main subjects provide the student with subject-specific knowledge and skills, and they constitute the student’s primary areas of teaching competencies vis-à-vis the Dan- ish public schools. The student is expected to qualify to teach between two and four main subjects, with three main subjects being the norm. A student with only two main subjects is expected to have significant specialized knowledge in their chosen subjects. All main subjects in the teachers’ training programme directly correspond to the stand- ard subjects taught in Danish Public schools. The main objective of the teaching practice is to strengthen the student’s understand- ing of and ability to link theory and practice, and for the student to acquire theoretical- ly based practical skills with the aim of preparing, implementing, evaluating and de- veloping their teaching. The teaching practice also aims at developing the student’s skills to interact with parents, teachers and other co-workers. During teaching practice, the student teaches children and participates in other teacher tasks at a primary and/or lower secondary school, a private school (private elementary school) or a continuation school, under the guidance of one or more teaching practice teachers. The Bachelor of Education project tests the student’s ability to independently research, investigate, develop and communicate as the basis for professional analysis, evaluation and action-oriented reflection on tasks and challenges in the teaching pro- fession. The project is based on a concrete empirical problem from the Danish public school system or from other equivalent school programmes. The project has to include research- and development-based literature and studies. 24 Further training can be obtained through courses and subjects on a level with main subjects, further training as a teaching practice teacher, an educational diploma or Master’s programmes. There is no requirement for teachers with regard annual in-service training. The ap- proach to teacher appraisal in Denmark is based on a rationale according to which the teacher appraisal culture primarily is determined locally at each school – and possibly influenced by municipal requirements/guidelines. According to the Folkeskole Act, the school leader is responsible for the quality of teaching at the school, as well as the overall administrative and pedagogical management of the school. Therefore, the school leader is responsible for the dialogue with the teachers and for establishing the requirements/guidelines of the local culture for appraisal. This normally takes place in cooperation with the staff of teachers at the schools. 24 http://ufm.dk/en/education-and-institutions/higher-education/university-colleges/university-college-educations/bachelor-of-education/the- danish-initial-teacher-education-b-ed-programme-for-primary-and-lower-secondary-schools.pdf 57 Many municipalities have a requirement – as part of their staff policies – that all em- ployees must have an interview with their leader/manager on employee development for the coming year. The interviews often include a development plan for the employ- ee. In 2013, 84 per cent of the 64,000 employed persons with a teacher’s education as their highest education were employed in teaching. Another 6 per cent were employed in public administration, health and social areas. Thus, a total of 90 per cent were em- ployed in public administration, teaching, health and social areas. Of the persons em- ployed in teaching, 84 per cent were employed in primary and lower secondary schools, and 16 per cent were employed in upper secondary, higher and other educa- tion institutions. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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