Dars 1 Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi

3. Present Perfect Continuous zamoni norozilik, jahl, jig'ibiyronlik kayfiyatini ifodalashda ham qo'llaniladi.

Somebody has been giving away our plans. (Kimdir bizning rejalarimizni oshkor qilib yuribdi ... so'zlovchi jahl bilan, norozilik kayfiyatida gapiryapti)

Davomiy zamonlarda qoʻllana olmaydigan holat fe'llari Present Perfect Continuous zamonida emas, Present Perfect Simple zamonida qoʻllaniladi.

I have known Jack for five years. (have been knowing emas.)

'since' va 'for' so'zlarining tugallangan zamonlarda qo'llanishi

▪Perfect, ya’ni tugallangan zamonlarida 'since' va 'for' payt ravishlari juda ko’p qo’llaniladi.

▪since – “-dan beri” deb tarjima qilinadi va undan keyin ish-harakat qachon boshlanganini bildiruvchi payt hollari yoki o'tgan zamondagi gap qo’llanadi.

▪for – “-dan buyon, davomida” deb tarjima qilinadi va undan keyin ish-harakat qancha uzoq davom etganini ko’rsatadigan payt hollari qo’llanadi.

Misol uchun quyidagi vaziyatni ko’rib chiqamiz:

Tom is in New York. He arrived in the city on Monday and today is Friday. So, he has been in New York since Monday. (Tom dushanbadan beri Nyu-Yorkda, ya’ni Tomning Nyu-Yorkga tashrifi dushanba kuni boshlangan)

Endi mazkur misoldagi so’nggi gapni “for” bilan ifodalaymiz:

Tom has been in New York for four days. (to’rt kundan buyon, ya’ni Tomning Nyu-Yorkdagi tashrifi to’rt kundan buyon davom etmoqda)

Qisqasi, 'since' payt ravishidan keyin har doim ish-harakat boshlanish nuqtasi, 'for' payt ravishidan keyin ish-harakat qancha davom etganini (muddatni) ko’rsatadigan payt hollari qo’llaniladi.

It is raining. It began raining at two o’clock and it is five o’clock now. So, It has been raining since two o’clock. (boshlanish nuqtasi soat 2)

▪'since' payt ravishidan keyin keladigan odatiy qurilmalarga misollar:

since 1991 since last summer since Christmas since leaving school since yesterday since my birthday since October 21 since breakfast since then

▪'for' payt ravishidan keyin keladigan odatiy qurilmalarga misollar:

for two months for a long time for a year for ten years for ages for two hours for a fortnight for centuries for a couple of days