Dars 1 Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi

4. Ingliz tilida inkor ma'noli ravishlar - hardly/barely/scarcely (deyarli yo'q, zo'rg'a) - uzoq o'tgan zamonda juda ko'p qo'llaniladi.

I had barely heard of him until that day. (U haqda men o'sha kungacha deyarli hech narsa bilmasdim.)

5. Uzoq o'tgan zamon (past perfect simple) hozirgi tugallangan zamon (present perfect simple) ning o'tgan zamon shakli sifatida qo'llaniladi, ya'ni o'tgan zamonda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Qiyoslang:

My car is clean. I have washed it. (Hozirda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakat)

My car was clean. I had washed it. (O'tgan zamonda natijasi ayon bo'lgan ish-harakat)

Mazkur holatda Past perfect simpleda Present perfect simpleda ishlatiladigan payt ravishlari ham (already, just, ever, never, yet va h.k.) ishlatiladi.

think, hope, mean, expect va boshqa o'xshash fe'llarni ma'noda deyarli o'zgarishsiz o'tgan zamondagi 3 ta zamonda (past simple, past continuous, past perfect) biz qilishga yoki sodir bo'lishiga umid qilgan (xohlagan) ,lekin amalga oshmagan ish-harakatlar uchun qo'llash mumkin.

I expected/was expecting/had expected him to call me, but he didn't.

A: Why are you so disappointed?

B: Because I hoped/was hoping/had hoped that I would pass the test, but I didn't.