Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
2.1
Households 2.1.1 Setup of the Model The households provide labor services in exchange for wages, receive interest income on assets, purchase goods for consumption, and save by accumulating assets. The basic model assumes identical households—each has the same preference parameters, faces the same wage rate (because all workers are equally productive), begins with the same assets per person, and has the same rate of population growth. Given these assumptions, the analysis can use the usual representative-agent framework, in which the equilibrium derives from the choices of a single household. We discuss later how the results generalize when various dimensions of household heterogeneity are introduced. Each household contains one or more adult, working members of the current generation. In making plans, these adults take account of the welfare and resources of their prospective descendants. We model this intergenerational interaction by imagining that the current generation maximizes utility and incorporates a budget constraint over an infinite horizon. That is, although individuals have finite lives, we consider an immortal extended family. This setting is appropriate if altruistic parents provide transfers to their children, who give in turn to their children, and so on. The immortal family corresponds to finite-lived individuals who are connected through a pattern of operative intergenerational transfers based on altruism. 1 The current adults expect the size of their extended family to grow at the rate n because of the net influences of fertility and mortality. In chapter 9 we study how rational agents choose their fertility by weighing the costs and benefits of rearing children. But, at this point, we continue to simplify by treating n as exogenous and constant. We also neglect migration of persons, another topic explored in chapter 9. If we normalize the number of adults at time 0 to unity, the family size at time t—which corresponds to the adult population—is L (t) = e nt If C (t) is total consumption at time t, then c(t) ≡ C(t)/L(t) is consumption per adult person. 1. See Barro (1974). We abstract from marriage, which generates interactions across family lines. See Bernheim and Bagwell (1988) for a discussion. Growth Models with Consumer Optimization 87 Each household wishes to maximize overall utility, U , as given by U = ∞ 0 u[c (t)] · e nt · e −ρt dt (2.1) This formulation assumes that the household’s utility at time 0 is a weighted sum of all future flows of utility, u (c). The function u(c)—often called the felicity function—relates the flow of utility per person to the quantity of consumption per person, c. We assume that u (c) is increasing in c and concave—u (c) > 0, u (c) < 0. 2 The concavity assumption generates a desire to smooth consumption over time: households prefer a relatively uni- form pattern to one in which c is very low in some periods and very high in others. This desire to smooth consumption drives the household’s saving behavior because they will tend to borrow when income is relatively low and save when income is relatively high. We also assume that u (c) satisfies Inada conditions: u (c) → ∞ as c → 0, and u (c) → 0 as c → ∞. The multiplication of u Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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